Bayne Apwh Ch 4

Front 1

Aryans

Back 1

Indo-European pastorals/nomads that considered themselves superior and called themselves "nobility" or Aryans

Front 2

semi-precious stones

Back 2

piece of attractive mineral, which — when cut and polished — is used to make jewelry or other adornments

Front 3

ecological degradation

Back 3

gradual destruction of nature

Front 4

republic

Back 4

a state or country that is not led by a hereditary monarch

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varna

Back 5

Varna means "arrangement" in the context of social hierarchies in Hinduism

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jati

Back 6

subcastes of the varna hierarchy, the jati were strictly tied to occupation

Front 7

social mobility

Back 7

difficult to achieve within the varna system, achieving upward mobility was infrequent but did happen and dissipated some tensions

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ritual sacrifices

Back 8

practiced extensively by the Aryans as a way to gain divine support, win military battles, produce large families, ensure long life, and guarantee abundant cattle herds

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Upanishads

Back 9

literature regarded as part of the Vedas and as such form part of the Hindu scriptures

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samsara

Back 10

efers to the cycle of reincarnation or rebirth in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism

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moksha

Back 11

refers in Indian religions to liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth and all of the suffering and limitation of worldly existence

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Harappans

Back 12

earliest known urban society in India, developed c. 7000 B.C.E. along the Indus river

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sewage systems

Back 13

All Harappan houses were equipped with latrines, bathing houses, and sewage drains which emptied into larger mains and eventually deposited the fertile sludge on surrounding agricultural fields

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Vedas, Rig Veda, Vedic Age

Back 14

oldest layer of Sanskrit literature[1] and the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism;ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns dedicated to the gods;the period in the history of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being composed

Front 15

administrators

Back 15

most common form of political organization on the subcontinent, professional administrators were the foundation for chiefdoms which developed into regional kingdoms and permanent capitals

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caste

Back 16

hereditary systems of social grouping with associated exclusion and cultural pluralism in many parts of the world

Front 17

brahmins

Back 17

priests in the varna hierarchy

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sati

Back 18

coming from Sat in Sanskrit meaning "real, being, existing" as well as "true, honest, right"

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Dravidians

Back 19

a family of related populations that speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family; came into great conflict with the Aryans forcing them to engage in a hierarchal society

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Brahman

Back 20

the unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality which is the Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, being, and everything beyond in this Universe

Front 21

karma

Back 21

the law of karma, the effects of all deeds actively create past, present, and future experiences, thus making one responsible for one's own life, and the pain and joy it brings to him/her and others

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ascetic, asceticism

Back 22

lifestyle change often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals