Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a failed rift in a rift triple junction?
|
Aulocogen
|
|
|
Name an Aulocogen occuring today
|
The great rift valley in Africa. Between the red sea and gulf of aden
|
|
|
What are the dates of the cambrian
|
570 to 505 mybp
|
|
|
What first proposed Cratonic Sequences? And when
|
Sloss 1963
|
|
|
What was the first Cratonic sequence? What times did it last through
|
Sauk Cambrian through lower Ordovician
|
|
|
What is olenellus
|
A cambrian arthropod related to the trilobites.
|
|
|
What percentrage of life in the cambrian was trilbites?
|
About 60%
|
|
|
What percentrage of life in the cambrian was brachiopods?
|
30%
|
|
|
Describe the brachiopods of the cambrian
|
Look like clams but are inarticulate meaning they are not hinged.
|
|
|
What are Archaeocyathids
|
Similar to coral. Go extinct in the middle cambrian
|
|
|
Describe the molluscs of the cambrian
|
Found in deep waters of the coast of south america. Thought to have evolved from worms. Not common til ordovician
|
|
|
What is a cystoid
|
An echinoderm from the cambrian period
|
|
|
what kinds of organisms are notably missing from the cambrian period
|
Burrowing creatures, filter feeders, predators
|
|
|
What is the great experiment
|
The Burgess Shale. Lots of different phyla. Preserved because there was no oxygen
|
|
|
When was the ordovician
|
505 - 438 million years ago
|
|
|
Explain what happened in relation to sea level in the middle ordovician
|
During the late and middle ordovician began a regressive event. This separates the Sauk cratonic sequence from the Tippacanoe Sequence
|
|
|
What is the time period for the Tippecanoe Sequence
|
Middle Ordovician to Early Devonian
|
|
|
What is orogeny?
|
The process of mountain bulding
|
|
|
What did the Taconic orogeny produce and when was it
|
Mountains in the New England Eastern Canada area. Form the late cambrian to the early ordovician
|
|
|
What colors are the waters during the Later ordovician in Kansas and Ohio? What accounts for the differences in color
|
There was warm shallow water all across the continent. The water in Kansas was a turqouise and once you get to Ohio it turns to a deep indigo. This is because of a change from Carbonate to Shale
|
|
|
What are the red-beds of the Teconic Orogeny
|
These are areas of oxidized iron that developed in some of the only areas of North America that were above sea level. This happened on the Teconic plane.
|
|
|
Name two modern analogues of the Taconic Orogeny
|
Australia, Papua New Guinea
|
|
|
What are different about the brachiopods of the Ordovician?
|
The brachiopods of the ordovician are now articulate and are made of different material. They are now calcium carbonate vs. calcium phosphate
|
|
|
What are Bryozoans which time period did they show up?
|
Sicklike organisms that live in colonies in tiny holes similar to window screens. Live in shallow water. Ordovician
|
|
|
What are Crinoids and which time period did they show up?
|
Known as sea lillies. They are not plants but are related to starfish. Arms are really sticky. Live in shallow water. Ordovician
|
|
|
What are the creatures that made up the first true coral reefs and when did this happen?
|
Rugosids(Horn corals), Tabulates(Honeycomb), Stomatoporoids(Sponge like), Receptaculitea - Alge like, sunflower shaped
|
|
|
During the Ordovician there was an increase in predators. What are two of note that began to flourish
|
During the ordovician we had Cephalopods begin to develop and Starfish also became prominent.
|
|
|
What are Graptolites and when are they found?
|
They are found in the ordovician. They are important to the index fossil record. They are colony builders. They are often found in shales and slates
|
|
|
During what time did the vertebrates show up?
|
The ordovician
|
|
|
How did the Ordovician extinction event occur and when?
|
It occured about 445 mya. It is thought that an onset of an ice age induced it. At the time all life was still living in the sea. Half of all life died off during this extincition event making it the 2nd largest in earths historyu
|
|
|
What is the time period of the silurian
|
438-408 mya
|
|
|
What is the Acadian Orogeny?>
|
This is the Orogeny that created the Applachian Mountains
|
|
|
What is know about the rocks of the Silurian in North America?
|
There is not much Silurian stratigraphy in North America. Although the silurian is known as being chiefly Limestone
|
|
|
Why was the major type of rock in the Silurian limestone?
|
The limestone was laid down by large coral reefs created by now extinct species of coral Rugosids and
|
|
|
What are reefs that are built in shallow and deep water called respectively?
|
Barrier and Pinnacle
|
|
|
When and what did the regression of the Tippecanoe sequence cause?
|
The Tippecanoe regression began at the end of the Silurian beginning of the Devonian and it caused the huge evaporite deposits in the Michigan Basin area. The Michigan basin was surrounded by barrier reefs that restricted water movement and contributed to the evaporation of the water
|
|
|
List the common evaporite minerals in the order from least to most soluble
|
Calcite Gypsum Halite Potash
|
|
|
What is potash used for?
|
Fertilizer
|
|
|
What did the Tippecanoe deposit over North America
|
Well sorted quartz sandstone
|
|
|
What is the St. Peter sandstone?
|
The basal rock of the tippecanoe. Almost pure quartz sandstone. Used to create glass. Located over a large area of the N.A. craton
|
|
|
What are barrier reefs
|
They generally separate shallow waters from deep waters and are long and slender
|
|
|
Describe a pinnacle reef
|
Pinnacle reefs are tall spindly structures, up to 100M in height.
|
|
|
Explain how the evaporites came in the Michigan Basin
|
First we have a reefs that build up to cut off the flow of water. So there is less of an influx. So the sun evaporates the water leaving the evaporites more heavily concentrated. As the water level decreases more the reefs get higher and higher relatively and keep more and more water out. So it makes the static water more concentrated. Then the evaporites began to precipitate out in order of solubility. Thus we have Calcite, Gypsum, Halite, then Potash layers.
|
|
|
What is a Eurypterid
|
First developed in the Silurian. These were called sea scorpions. some reached up to 2M in length.
|
|
|
What are Lycopsids
|
These are part of the earliest land plants that existed. They have a more simple structure than plants do now. They had only one vein running through their leaves. They reproduce by shedding spores
|
|
|
What are the first land animals/
|
They are similar to millipedes. Then spiders, scorpions, etc showed up followed by amphibians in the Devonian
|
|
|
What are Acanthodians
|
These are fish that appeared during the Silurian that had both bony and cartiligenious features. They were the first known jawed vertebrates.
|
|
|
What happened to jawless fish during the Silurian
|
They rapidly developed and became very widespread
|
|
|
What is the time period of the devonian
|
408 - 360 mya
|
|
|
What happened at the beginning of the Devonian as far as sea level?
|
There was a major regression and the Tippacanoe came to an end. The Kaskia will dominate beginning in the mid devonian
|
|
|
What caused the early Devonian unconformity
|
With the regression of the Tippacanoe sequence, North America began to erode quickly.
|
|
|
What is and where is the Oriskany sandstone?
|
It is located in NY and PA. It is a deep resource of natural gas.
|
|
|
What happened when the Kaskia Sequence began?
|
There was a major transgression that created a large carbonate deposition
|
|
|
What animal created the Michigan Basin
|
Stromatoparoids
|
|
|
What is the Chattanooga Shale?
|
It is the poster child of black shales located in Tennessee
|
|
|
What are representative of black shales in the Devonian?
|
In the late devonian things change from limstone to shale. They formed in water areas with little movement. There were anerobic conditions at the bottom of the water and lots of plants on the top that died and fell to the bottom.
|
|
|
What is the climate like during the Devonian?
|
There is a warm/subtropical climate around the globe. Limestone reefs and similar plant life point to this.
|
|
|
When did sharks first appear?
|
Sharks first appeared during the Devonian. They have changed very little, but now grow to be larger.
|
|
|
What are placoderms?
|
These are large predator fish that lived in the devonian. They had cartilage skeltons and plate like teeth.
|
|
|
What is Dunkleosteus?
|
A giant placoderm. The king of the sea at the time. Grew to be up to 40 feet in length. Lived druing the devonian
|
|
|
When did lobe-finned fish begin to occur?
|
During the devonian
|
|
|
What are lobe-finned fish?
|
They have pectoral fins and bones in their fins. They evolved into amphibians
|
|
|
What are lungfish?
|
These arrived during the devonian and are around today. They can support their body on their pectoral fins. They are able to gulp and metabolize oxygen and travel short distances on their fins
|
|
|
What are coelacanths?
|
These are still alive today. They were thought to have been extinct in the Cretaceous, but one was caught off the coast of madagascar recently. They are closely related to lung fish
|
|
|
What are Crossopterygians
|
These lobe-finned fish are thought to be the ancestors of amphibians
|
|
|
What is Ichthyostega?
|
This is the first amphibian. It is kind of an inbetweener. But it began to develop a rib cage. Na elongated snout and fully fun ctional limbs
|
|
|
What are Sphenopsids?
|
This is a joint stem plant common during the devonian period
|
|
|
When did spore-bearing plants show up?
|
They first began in the Devonian near bodies of water.
|
|
|
When did the first seed ferns develop and why was this important?
|
They first developed in the devonian. This was important because it allowed plants to migrate and spread across the langscape. The first forests appear during this time.
|
|
|
What are ammonites?
|
They are closely related to nautiloids. They have a regulating tube to control water depth. They are used for fossil correlation
|
|
|
When did the first insects appear, what were they and what is interesting about them?
|
The first insects appear in the devoniuan. Millepeds, scorpions and spiders appear. These are all wingless insects.
|
|
|
What is devonian mass extinction?
|
This is the mass extinction event in the Devonian. 70% of marine invertebrates die out. 15% brachiopods survive. Almost all marine life gets scaled back. Climate shifts from green house to ice house conditions. Stromatoparoid reefs are devastated. Hydnoceras take over their niche. They are cone-shaped glass sponges.
|
