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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Temporary myocardial ischemia, usually secondary to coronary athersclerosis
Retrosternal or across the anterior chest, sometimes radiating to the shoulders, arms, neck, lower jaw or upper abdomen Pressing squeezing, tight, heavy, occasionally burning mild to moderate sometimes perceived as discomfort rather than pain usually around 1-3 min but up to 10 min. Prolonged episdoes up to 20 min Extertion, especially in the cold; meals;emotional stress. May occur at rest Rest and and Nitroglycerine relieve Associated symptoms are dyspnea, nausea, sweating |
Angina Pectoris
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Prolonged myocardial ischemia, resulting in irreversible muscle damage or necrosis
retrosternal or across the anterior chest, sometimes radiating to the shoulders, arms, neck, lower jaw, or upper abdomen Pressing, squeezing, tight, heavy occasionally burning Severity is often but always a severe pain Usually 20 min to several hours associated symptoms are nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness |
Myocardial Infarction
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Irritation of the parietal pleura adjacent to the pericardium
mechanism unclear located precordial, may radiate to the tip of the shoulder and to the neck or retrosternal sharp, knifelike quality crushing often severe persistent breathing, changing position, coughing, lying down, sometimes swallowing aggravate sitting forward may relieve it |
Pericarditis
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A splitting within the layers of the aortic wall, allowing passage of blood to dissect a channel
located anterior chest, radiating to the neck, back, or abdomen ripping or tearing and very servere abrupt onset, early peak, persistent for hours or more factors that aggravate are hypertension associated symptoms are of the underlying illness..syncope, hemiplegia, paraplegia |
Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm
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Inflammation of trachea and large bronchi
upper sternal or on either side of the sternum burning, mild to moderate timing is variable coughing aggravates lying on the involved side may relieve it associated sx is cough |
Tracheobronchitis
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Inflammation of the parietal pleura, as in pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, or neoplasm
located on chest wall overlying the process sharp, knifelike, often severe and persistent aggravating factors are inspiration, coughing, movements of the trunk |
Pleuritic Pain
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Inflamation of the esopageal mucosa by reflux of gastric acid
Located retrosternal, may radiate to the back burning, may be squeezing, and is mild to severe. timing is variable. factors that aggravate are large meals, bending over, and lying down antacids and belching may relieve associated symptoms are sometimes regurgitation and dysphagia |
Reflex Esophagitis
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Motor dysfunction of the esophageal muscle
retrosternal, may radiate to the back arms and jaw usually squeezing, mild to severe, variable timing swallowing of food or cold liquid;emotional stress can aggravate factors that relieve are sometimes nitroglycerin associated symptoms are dysphagia |
Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
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Process is variable, often unclear
location is often below the left breast or along the costal cartilages; also else where stabbing, sticking, or dull, aching and variable severity Timing can last fleeting to hours or days factors that aggravate are movement of chest, trunk, arms associated symptoms are often local tenderness |
Chest wall pain, costochronditis
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Process unclear
located in the precordial, below the left breast, or across the anterior chest stabbing, sticking, or dull, aching severity is variable timing can be fleeting to hours or days factors that aggravate may follow effort, emotional stress associated symptoms are breathlessness, palpitations, weakness |
Anxiety
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Elevated pressure in pulmonary capillary bed with transudation of fluid into interstitial spaces and alveoli, decreased compliance of the lungs, increased work of breathing
Dyspnea may progress slowly, or suddenly as in acute pulmonary edema aggravating factors are exertion, and lying down factors that relieve are rest, sitting up, though dyspnea may become persistent associated symptoms are often cough, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; sometimes wheezing setting: history of heart disease or its predisposing factors |
Left-sided Heart Failure (Left ventricular failure or mitral stenosis)
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Excessive mucus production in bronchi, followed by chronic obstruction of airways
timing: chronic productive cough followed by slowly progressive dyspnea Factors that aggravate are exhertion, inhaled irritants, repsiratory infections factors that relieve are expectoration; rest, though dyspnea may become persistent associated symptoms are chronic productive cough, recurrent respiratory infections; wheezing may develop setting: history of smoking, air pollutants, recurrent respiratory infections |
Chronic Bronchitis
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Overdistention of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, with destruction of alveolar septa and chronic obstruction of the airways
slowly progressive dyspnea; relatively mild cough later exertion aggravates relieving factors are rest, though dyspnea may become persistent associated symptoms are cough, with scant mucoid sputum Setting: history of smoking, air pollutatns, sometimes a familial deficiency in alpha-antitrypsin |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
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Bronchial hyperresponsiveness involving release of inflammatory mediators, increased airway secretions, and bronchoconstriction
acute episodes, separated by syptom-free periods. Nocturnal episodes common Aggravating factors are variable, including allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, excercise and emotion relieving factors are separation from aggravating factors associated symptoms are wheezing, cough, tightness in chest Setting: environmental and emotional conditions |
Asthma
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Abnormal and widespread infiltration of cells, fluid, and collagen into interstitial spaces between alveoli. Many causes
Progressive dyspnea, which varies in its rate of development with the cause factors that aggravate are exertion factors that relieve are rest, though dyspnea may become persistent Associated syptoms are often weakness, fatigue, cough less common than in other lung diseases Setting: varied. exposure to one of many substances may be causative |
Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease
(such as sarcoidosis, widespread neoplasms, asbestosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) |
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Inflammation of lung parenchyma from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli
An acute illness, timing varies with the causative agent associated symptoms are plueritic pain, cough, sputum, fever, though not necessarily present Setting: varied |
Pneumonia
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Leakage of air into pleural space through blebs on visceral pleura, with resulting partial or complete collapse of the lung
sudden onset of dyspnea associated symptoms are pleuritic pain, cough setting: often a previously healthy young adult |
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
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Sudden occlusion of all or part of pulmonary arterial tree by a blood clot that usually originates in deep veins of legs or pelvis
Sudden onset of dyspnea Associated Symptoms are often none. Often retrosternal oppresive pain if the occlusion is massive. Pleuritic pain, cough, and hemoptysis may follow an embolism if pulmonary infarction ensue. Symptoms of anxiety Setting: postpartum or postoperative periods; prolonged bed rest; congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, and fractures of hip or leg; deep venous thrombosis (often not clinically apparent) |
Acute Pulmonary Embolism
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Overbreathing, with resultant respiratory alkalosis and fall in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Episodic, often recurrent Factors that aggravate: More often occurs at rest than after excercise. An upsetting event may not be evident Factors that relieve: breathing in and out of a paper of plastic bag sometimes helps the associated symptoms Associated symptoms are sighing, lightheadedness, numbness or tingling of the hands and feet, palpitations, chest pain. Setting: other manifestations of anxiety may be present |
Anxiety with Hyperventilation
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Dry cough (without sputum), may become productive of variable amounts of sputum
Associated Sx and Setting: An acute, fairly minor illness with hoarseness. Often associated with viral nasopharyngitis |
Laryngitis
(Acute Inflammation) |
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Dry cough, may become productive
Assoc. Sx and setting: An acute, often viral illness with burning retrosternal discomfort |
Tracheobronchitis
(acute inflammation) |
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Dry hacking cough, often becoming productive of mucoid sputum
Assoc. Sx and setting: An acute febrile illness, often with malaise, headache, and possible dyspnea |
Mycoplasma and Viral Pneumonias
(Acute Inflammation) |
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Pneumococcal: sputum mucoid or purulent; may be blood-streaked, diffusely pinkish, or rusty
Assoc. Sx or Setting: an acute illness with chills, high fever, dyspnea, and chest pain. Often preceded by acute upper respiratory infection Klebsiella: assoc sx and setting: typically occurs in older alcoholic men Klebseilla: similar; or sticky, red, and jelly like |
Bacterial Pneumonias
(Acute Inflammation) |
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Chronic cough; sputum mucoid or mucopurulent
Assoc Sx and Setting: Repeated attempts to clear the throat. Postnasal discharge may be sensed by patient or seen in posterior phayrnx. Associated with chronic rhinitis, with or without sinusitis |
Postnasal Drip
(chronic inflammation) |
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Chronic cough; sputum mucoid to purulent, may be blood-streaked or even bloody
Assoc. Sx and Setting: Often longstanding cigarette smoking. Recurrent superimposed infections. Wheezing and dyspnea may develop |
Chronic Bronchitis
(Chronic inflammation) |
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Chronic cough; sputum purulent, often copious and foul-smelling; may be blood-streaked or bloody
Assoc. Sx and setting: Recurrent bronchopulmonary infections common; sinusitis may coexist |
Bronchiectasis
(Chronic Inflamation) |
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Cough dry or sputum that is mucoud or purelent; may be blood-streaked or bloody
Assoc Sx and setting: Early, no symptoms. Later, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and night sweats |
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
(chronic inflammation) |
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Sputum purelent and foul-smelling; may be bloody
Assoc Sx and setting: A febrile illness. Often poor dental hygiene and a prior episode of impaired consciousness |
Lung Abscess
(chronic inflammation) |
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Cough, with thick mucoid sputum, especially near end of an attack
Assoc Sx and setting: Episodic wheezing and dyspnea, but cough may occur alone. Often a history of allergy |
Asthma
(Chronic Inflammation) |
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Chronic cough, especially at night or early in the morning
Assoc sx and setting: Wheezing, especially at night (often mistake for asthma), early morning hoarseness, and repeated attempts to clear the throat, Often a history of heartburn or regurgitation |
Gastroesophageal Reflux
(Chronic Inflammation) |
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Cough dry to productive; sputum may be blood-streaked or bloody
Assoc. Sx and Setting: usually a long history of cigarette smoking. Associated manifestations are numerous |
Neoplasm: Cancer of the Lung
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Often dry cough especially on exertion or at night; may progress to the pink frothy sputum of pulmonary edema or to frank hemoptysis
Assoc Sx and setting: dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
Left ventricular failure or mitral stenosis (Cardiovascular disorder)
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Dry cough to productive; may be dark, bright red, or mixed with blood
Assoc Sx and setting: dyspnea, anxiety, chest pain, fever; factors that predispose to deep venous thrombosis |
Pulmonary Emboli (Cardiovascular Disorder)
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Cough or sputum Variable. There may be a latent period between exposure and symptoms
assoc sx and setting: exposure to irritants. Eyes, noses, and throat may be affected |
Irritating particles, chemicals, or gases
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