Chapter 7: Basics Of Anatomy

Front 1

Abduction

Back 1

Arms or legs move laterally, away from the midline of the body.
Movement occurs along the frontal plane

Front 2

Actin

Back 2

The thin protein filament that makes up part of the myofibril

Front 3

Adduction

Back 3

a body segment moves medially toward the midline of the body.
Movement occurs along the frontal plane

Front 4

Agonist

Back 4

Or PRIME MOVER, a muscle that is responsible for bringing about the movement (muscle contraction)

Front 5

Anatomical Position

Back 5

Occurs in a standing position where the trunk is erect, arms are at the side with palms forward, and legs are straight with the toes pointing forward.

Front 6

Anatomy

Back 6

The study of the structure of the human body

Front 7

Angle of pull

Back 7

The angle between the muscle insertion and the bone on which it inserts

Front 8

Antagonist

Back 8

the muscle that can slow down or stop the movement.
Works in opposition to the agonist.

Front 9

Anterior

Back 9

Situated in front of or towards the front ( the front of the body or structure)

Front 10

Appendicular skeleton

Back 10

The portion of the skeleton that includes the arms, shoulders, legs and pelvis

Front 11

Articular Capsule

Back 11

Surrounds the joint that helps hold the bones together

Front 12

Articulations

Back 12

Also known as JOINTS. Refer to the joints of the body where the bones come together and where all movement of the skeletal system takes place

Front 13

Axial Skeleton

Back 13

The portion of the skeleton that includes the head, spinal column and chest

Front 14

Axis

Back 14

Also called the fulcrum (joints, articulations)
The point around which the lever rotates (joint)

Front 15

Base of Support

Back 15

The region bound by the body parts in contact with a supporting surface

Front 16

Biomechanics

Back 16

the principles of movement mechanics

Front 17

Bursa

Back 17

Flat sacs of synovial fluid located between the skin and bone; tendon and bone; muscle and bone; ligament and bone, to cushion movement of one part of the body over another

Front 18

Cardiac Muscle

Back 18

The type of muscle that makes up the heart.
Striated in appearance, like skeletal muscle, however its contraction is not controled.

Front 19

Cartilage

Back 19

Protects bones from constant friction caused by bone meeting bone

Front 20

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrodial)

Back 20

a joint that allows limited movement, mainly to absorb shock (slightly movable)

Front 21

Centre of Mass

Back 21

Imaginary point in the body where all the weight or mass seems to be centered ( the body's balance point)

Front 22

Cervical

Back 22

The neck area

Front 23

Circumduction

Back 23

a body part moves in a full circular path.
combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction (in sequential order)

Front 24

Coccyx

Back 24

Tailbone

Front 25

Concentric

Back 25

a contraction in which the muscle shortens

Front 26

Condyloid (Biaxial)

Back 26

a synovial joint that provides movement about axes, two perpendicular planes of motion

Front 27

Contractility

Back 27

the ability of muscle tissue to respond to nervous impulse by shortening and producing tension thereby, causing a pulling force on the bone.

Front 28

Deep

Back 28

Further from the surface of the body

Front 29

Depression

Back 29

Downward movement of the shoulder girdle

Front 30

Distal

Back 30

That structure located father from the trunk

Front 31

Dorsal

Back 31

The posterior or the back

Front 32

Dorsiflexion

Back 32

The top of the foot moves towards the shin

Front 33

Eccentric

Back 33

A contraction in which the muscle lengthens (isotonic)

Front 34

Elasticity

Back 34

The ability of the muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or extension

Front 35

Elevation

Back 35

upward movement of the shoulder girdle

Front 36

Eversion

Back 36

The sole of the foot faces outward

Front 37

Excitability

Back 37

The ability of the muscle tissue to receive and respond to nervous or electrical stimuli

Front 38

Extensibility

Back 38

the ability of the muscle tissue to be stretched (extended)

Front 39

Extension

Back 39

The return of body parts to the anatomical position (movement occurs along the sagittal plane)

Front 40

Fibro-Cartilage

Back 40

Dense connective tissue that occupies the space between bones, protects from wear and tear, and provides shock absorption

Front 41

Fibrous (synarthrodial)

Back 41

a joint that is immoveable (the bones are fused together)

Front 42

First class lever

Back 42

The fulcrum is between the movement force and the resistance force

Front 43

Flat bones

Back 43

Ribs, pelvis, skull
Provide protection to internal structures

Front 44

Fleshy

Back 44

Muscle fibres that are directly affixed to the bone

Front 45

Flexion

Back 45

Adjacent bones move together, thereby decreasing the angle between them

Front 46

Forearm Pronation

Back 46

Palm down position

Front 47

Forearm Supination

Back 47

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is in an upward position

Front 48

Frontal plane (Coronal)

Back 48

Divides the body into front and back (also known as the coronal plane)

Front 49

Fulcrum

Back 49

Also known as the axis, the point around which the lever rotates

Front 50

Hinge (uniaxial)

Back 50

a joint that operates as a hinge with rotation about one plane of motion (one axis)

Front 51

Horizontal abduction

Back 51

movement of a limb away from the midline of the body along the horizontal or transverse plane

Front 52

Horizontal adduction

Back 52

Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body along the horizontal or transverse plane

Front 53

Hyaline

Back 53

smooth, elastic substance, covering the ends of the bones
Main function is to decrease friction and absorb shock

Front 54

Hyperextension

Back 54

an extension movement continued beyond the anatomical position

Front 55

Inertia

Back 55

the resistance to a change in motion

Front 56

Inferior

Back 56

situated below or away from the head

Front 57

Intervertebral disc

Back 57

located between two vertebrae in the spine; acts to absorb shock when an increased load is placed on the vertebral column

Front 58

inversion

Back 58

The sole of the food faces inward

Front 59

Irregular Bones

Back 59

Bones, such as the vertebrae, that provide support for the body

Front 60

Isometric

Back 60

a contraction in which the muscle length stays the same, but still develops tension (the contractile force is equal to the resistive force)

Front 61

Joint Cavity

Back 61

Provides space for movement of the bones and contains synovial fluid to lubricate the hyaline cartilage

Front 62

Lateral

Back 62

away from the midline of the body or movement away from the midline.

Front 63

Lateral flexion

Back 63

Head or torso bends to the side (laterally)

Front 64

Lever

Back 64

a rigid or semi-rigid body that, when subjected to a force, rotates about an axis or fulcrum (the moving bone)

Front 65

Ligaments

Back 65

bands of fibrous tissue that connects bones together

Front 66

Line of gravity

Back 66

an imaginary vertical line passing through the centre of mass and the supporting surface

Front 67

Long bones

Back 67

Act as levers to move the body (e.g. bones in the arms and legs)

Front 68

Lumbar

Back 68

lower back region of the spine made up of five vertebrae

Front 69

Medial

Back 69

Toward the midline of the body or movement toward the midline

Front 70

Midline

Back 70

an imaginary line that runs down the middle of the body and divides it into equal left and right halves

Front 71

Movement force

Back 71

Force applied by the muscle during a contraction that can be adjusted

Front 72

Muscle Fibre

Back 72

Cells that make up the structure of a muscle and run the length of the muscle

Front 73

Muscles

Back 73

A collection of long fibres that usually join into a tendon at each end and insert into the bone of the skeleton

Front 74

Musculoskeletal system

Back 74

Gives the body its general shape, provides structural support, and protects the organs inside (made up of the skeleton and muscularture)

Front 75

Myofibral

Back 75

make up a muscle fibre

Front 76

Myosin

Back 76

the thick filament that makes up the myofibril

Front 77

Palmar

Back 77

The anterior surface of the hands

Front 78

Perimysium

Back 78

Connective tissue that wraps around the bundles of muscle fibres that make up the muscle

Front 79

Pivot

Back 79

Turning movement around the long central axis of the segment

Front 80

Plantar

Back 80

the bottom of the foot, the sole of the foot

Front 81

Plantar flextion

Back 81

the top of the foot moves away from the shin

Front 82

Posterior

Back 82

situated behind or towards the back (the back of the body or structure)

Front 83

Prone

Back 83

body horizontal with face down

Front 84

Protration

Back 84

abduction of the scapula

Front 85

proximal

Back 85

that structure located closer to the trunk

Front 86

Resistance force

Back 86

Force that can be decreased by a change in body composition as a result of weight loss

Front 87

Retraction

Back 87

Adduction of the scapula

Front 88

Rotation

Back 88

a body part moves around its own long axis ( occurs along the transverse plane)

Front 89

Sacrum

Back 89

a section of the spinal column that is made up of 5 bones that are fused together and is located in the midline region of the buttocks

Front 90

Saddle

Back 90

a synovial joint in which movement occurs in two planes of motion (one bone is positioned in the articular surface of the other)

Front 91

Sagittal plane

Back 91

a plane of motion that divides the body into right and left

Front 92

Second class lever

Back 92

the resistance force is between the fulcrum, on one end of the lever, and the movement force on the other end

Front 93

Sesamoid bones

Back 93

provide protection for internal joint structures (patella)

Front 94

Short bones

Back 94

Bones that give strength to mobile joints (i.e. bones of the wrist and ankle)

Front 95

skeletal muscle

Back 95

muscle that is striated in appearance, and can carry out a voluntary muscle contraction

Front 96

Skeleton

Back 96

bones and joint

Front 97

sliding/plane (nonaxial)

Back 97

a synovial joint in which motion is sliding rather than rotation about an axis

Front 98

Sliding filament theory

Back 98

during muscle contraction, the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments (like interlacing your fingers). This causes the muscle to shorten (myofibril) which in turn shortens the muscle fibre and creates movement

Front 99

smooth muscle

Back 99

non-striated in appearance, and involuntary muscle contractions; found in blood vessel walls, and internal organs

Front 100

Stability

Back 100

affects the body's ability to resist or go into motion (balance or equilibrium)

Front 101

Stabilizers

Back 101

a skeleton muscle that secures a joint or body segment while another movement takes place

Front 102

Superficial

Back 102

Closer to the surface or body

Front 103

Superior

Back 103

Situated above or towards the head (a structure that is higher than another)

Front 104

Supine

Back 104

body horizontal with face up

Front 105

suture

Back 105

fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull

Front 106

synergist

Back 106

a skeletal muscle that assists movement indirectly

Front 107

Synovial joints

Back 107

(diarthrodial)
allows considerable movement, occurring as a result of skeletal muscle contraction (freely movable)

Front 108

synovial membrane

Back 108

Membrane that surrounds the joint cavity

Front 109

Tendons (fibrous)

Back 109

Continuous with both the muscle sheath and connective tissue surrounding the bone

Has additional fibers that extend into the bones, making for a very strong attachment

Front 110

Third class lever

Back 110

The movement force is between the fulcrum and the resistance force

Front 111

Thoracic

Back 111

the area of the spinal column that contains 12 vertebrae and is located in the mid back and chest areas

Front 112

Transverse plane

Back 112

divides the body into upper and lower parts (horizontal)

Front 113

Triaxial or multiaxial

Back 113

Also known as ball and socket joint

movement is in three perpendicular planes of motion

Front 114

Upward rotation of scapula

Back 114

scapula moves upward and laterally, a movement that accompanies shoulder joint abduction

Front 115

Ventral

Back 115

refers to the anterior or front

Front 116

Vertebrae

Back 116

Bones located in the spinal column that provide support and shape to the spine