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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Angioblasts form from what? |
Mesoderm |
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Angioblasts form what as they cluster? |
Blood islands |
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Blood islands fuse together to form what? |
A primordial vascular network |
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Hemocytoblasts arise from what? |
core cells within blood islands |
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blood formation occurs in which week? |
Week 5 |
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Where in Bone marrow are erythrocytes produced? |
Within the blood sinusoids on the red bone marrow |
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Describe the path by which a hemocytoblast becomes and erythrocyte |
Hemocytoblast -> proerythroblast -> early reythroblast -> late erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte -> reythrocyte |
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In which stage of erythrocyte development is the nuclesus detached and released from the cell? |
The Normoblast |
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Which protein is responsible for the biconcave shape of erythrocytes? |
Spevtrin, ehich gives them their flexibility |
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Which B vitamins are critical in the production of erythrocytes? |
Vitamin B12 and Folate |
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What happes to plder erythrocytes? |
They lose their flexibility and become trapped and/ or break in small capillaries, as in the spleen |
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What happens after erythrocytes break apart? |
They are engulfed by macrophages |
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What happens to the parts of the recycled erythrocyte? |
1. Heme broken from globin 2. Globin broken down into amino acids 3. Heme degraded into bilirubin 4. Iron stored as ferritin or hemosiderin
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What percentage of plasma is water? |
90% |
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What solutes are carried in plasma? |
proteins cellular by-products (e.g. urea) metabolic nutrients (e.g. amino acids) electrolytes (e.g. sodium) respiratory gases (e.g. O2) |
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What protein is most abundant in the plasma? |
Albumin |
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What are the two cell types that form blood cells? |
1. Erythrocytes 2. Leukocytes
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What are the three main plasma proteins? |
1. Albumin 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen |
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What is the major blood electrolyte? |
Na |
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Where does erythropoesis take place? |
In the bone marrow |
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Cessation of bleeding is known as what? |
Hemostasis |
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What is the role of platelets in hemostasis? |
They adhere to the site of injury, creating a platelet plug |
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What makes up a clot? |
Platelet plug plus fibrin |
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What is a clot that includes RBC's called? |
A thrombus |
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Vitamin K is important for which clotting factors? |
II, VII, IX, X |
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What initiates the intrinsic pathway of the blood clotting cascade? |
Blood contacts exposed collagen of the damaged tissue |
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Which mineral is required for proper clotting? |
Ca |
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What is the insoluble substance that precipitates out at an injury site? |
Fibrin |
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What substance dissolves clots? |
Plasmin |
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What substance cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin? |
Thrombin |
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WHich hormone stimulates erythrocyte formation and from whcih organ is it excreted? |
Erythropoietin (EPO); kidneys |
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What funcitons does blood serve in the body? |
1. distributing O2 2. Removing cellular waste 3. Transporting hormones 4. Preventing illness 5. maintaining body temperature, fluid & pH
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What substance, when bound to heme, weakens the oxygen/ heme bond and causes release of O2? |
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) |
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Thiamine is also needed for what transketolase reaction? |
The hexose monophosphate shunt |
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What role does the hexose monophosphate shunt play in erythrocytes? |
It produces NADPH, which maintains glucose in a reduced state |
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What can bind to hemoglobin? |
O2 CO2 CO H+ 2,3-BPG |
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What amino acid is needed to maintain the functionality and structure of the hemoglobin? |
Histidine |
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What are the three functions of hemoglobin? |
1. Transport O2 2. Transport CO2 3. Act as a blood buffer |
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What two substances are the starting materials for heme synthesis? |
1. Succinyl CoA 2. Glycine |
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What do Succinyl CoA and GLycine form? |
Delta aminolevulenic acid |
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What is the regulatory enzyme in heme synthesis? |
Delta aminolevulenic acid synthase (ALAS) |
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The formation of porphobilinogen from Delta aminolevulenic acid is catalyzed by which enzyme? |
Delta aminolevulenic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) |
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What substance inhibits Delta aminolevulenic acid hydrogenase (ALAD)? |
Pb |
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What mineral is incorporated into heme? |
Fe |
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Where in the cell is Fe incorporated into heme? |
Mitochondrion |
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Where in the body does heme synthesis take place? |
In the bone marrow |
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Congenital deficiencies of certain enzymes in the heme synthesis can cause what? |
Porphyrias |
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In what other substances is heme found? |
Myoglobin; cytochromes |
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Where does catabolism of heme take place? |
First the spleen, then the liver, and finally the intestines. It also occurs in the bone marrow |
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What breaks down heme during tissue damage? |
Macrophages |
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What is the first substance produced by heme catabolism? |
Biliverdin |
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Biliverdin is converted into what molecule? |
Bilirubin |
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WHere is bilirubin conjugated? |
In the liver |
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How is bilirubin excreted? |
In the bile |
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Bacteria in the gut convert some bilirubin into what substance? |
Urobilinogen |
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What is the fate of urobilinogen? |
It is reabsorbed, transported to the kidneys, converted in to urobilin and excreted |
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What are the two excretory oathways for heme catabolism? |
1. Feces 2. urine |
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What role does H+ binding to hemoglobin play? |
H+ induces hemoglobin to unload its bound O2 and help buffer blood pH |
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What is the vector for malaria? |
Anopheles spp.; mosquitos |
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What do Plasmodium spp. cause? |
Malaria |
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Which x-linked disorder is associated with a 99% loss of factor VIII? |
Hempphilia A |
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What does anemia cause in tissues? |
Hypoxia |
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What are general SSx of Anemia? |
1. Dyspnea w/ exertion 2. Fatigue 3. Lightheadedness or dizziness 4. Tinnitus 5. HA |
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What may result from long term anemia? |
1. Pallor 2. Tachycardia 3. Systolic ejection murmur 4. Orthostatic HTN |
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What causes Iron-deficiency anemia? |
1. Chronic blood loss 2. Increased need for blood and O2 3. Decreased iron intake from poor diet or poor absorption |
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What causes macrocytic anemia? |
1. B12 or Folate deficienfy 2. malabsorption |
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Hemophilia is a genetic absence of what substances? |
Hemophilia A: Factor VIII Hemophilia B: Factor IX |
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What are the Sx of Macrocytic anemia? |
Glossitis weight loss peripheral neuropathy depression paranoia |
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What causes pernicious anemia? |
Lack of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach |
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What are the two specific Sx of hemolysis? |
1. Jaundice, from unconjugated bilirubin in the blood 2. Hemosiderosis, the deposition of Fe |
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What causes RBC hemolysis? |
1. Mechanical trauma to cells 2. Complement-induced damage 3. Extravascular hemolysis |
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What are the most common forms of thalassemia in the Mediterranean and the US? |
Beta-thalassemias |
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What are the most common forms of thalassemia in SE Asia? |
Alpha-thalassemias |
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What is hereditory spherocytosis? |
A genetic defect affecting northern Europeans in which spherical RBC's become trapped in the spleen and are destroyed |
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What is Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency? (G6PD) |
It is an x-linked disorder that causes hemplytic anemia with oxidative stress |
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What causes aplastic anemia? |
1. Toxic exposure, such as radiation 2. Chemicals 3. Therapeutic drugs 4. viral infx 5. Idiopathic causes |
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What is polycythemia vera? |
A myeloproliferative disorder in which there is an increase in circulating RBC's, caused by neoplastic clonal proliferation in the marrow |
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What are the characteristics of acute forms of Leukemia? |
They have more poorly differentiated blast cells circulating |
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What are the characteristics of chronic forms of leukemia? |
They have more differentiated cells in circulation and are diagnosed more frequently in older adults |
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What is a common laboratory finding in the diagnosis of Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)? |
Philadelphia chromosome |
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What are the characteristics of multiple myeloma? |
1. Malignant neoplasm of B-lymhocytes 2. Affects 50-60 yo 3. Punched out, lytic lesions in bone 4. Hypercalcemia from resprbed bone 5. Bacterial infx 6. Presence of Bence-Jones proteins and renal failure |
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What is the name of the multi-nucleated giant cells found in Hodgkin lymphoma? |
Reed-Sternberg cells |
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What type of lymphoma affecting B-cells has an African and an American form? |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Burkitt's) |
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What is the ost common hereditory clotting disorder? |
von Willebrand's dz |
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What is the most common cause of abnormal bleeding? |
Thrombocytopenia |
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What is thrombocytopenia? |
A fall in platelets to <70,000/ uL, for which there are many potential causes. These include bone marrow damage, congenital problems, nutritional deficiencies, or increased destruction of platelets |
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When does disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occur? |
After uncontrolled activation of clotting factors and fibrinolytic enzymes, often following major tissue damage from burns, sepsis or complications of pregnancy |
