Basic Science

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A colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid often used as a solvent

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Acetone

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Expenditure of energy through a gradient cell membrane in concentration from a region of lower to higher concentration. It opposes equilibrium and requires energy

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Active Transport

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A high energy molecule produced in the mitochondria

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Adenosine Triphosphate

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An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group, OH

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Alcohol

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An organic compound containing a carbonyl group, CH4

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Aldehyde

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An acyclic hydrocarbon with only single bonds (ie. Methane CH4)

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Alkane

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The condition of being able to both donate and accept protons

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Amphiprotic

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A condition of being able to both donate and accept electrons. These substances can act as both acids and bases in solution.

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Amphoteric

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A carbon atom and an oxygen atom joined by double bond, C=O

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Carbonyl Group

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An acyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds (ie: Ethylene, CH2=CH2)

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Alkene

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Any substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being altered in the course of the reaction.

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Catalyst

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The condition in which a molecule is not superimposable on its mirror image, meaning that there is no way to rotate the atoms around their bonds in order to make it identical to its mirror image.

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Chirality

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Chemicals that are considered contaminants in water supplies. Constitute some pesticides and herbicides

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Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

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A group of three mRNA bases that code for a single amino acid

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Codon

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Essential to the final stage of the electron transport system, this copper-containing complex of enzymes transfers electrons to oxygen

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Cytochromes

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The separations if the cytoplasm into two separate daughter cells during the stage of cell division called telophase

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Cytokinesis

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One of the nucleotides present in both RNA and DNA. It is a pyrimidine base that corresponds to RNA and DNA guanine

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Cytosine

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The process during catabolism in which the amino group NH2 is removed

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Deamination

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The process of separating the two strands of DNA in a double helix

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Denaturation

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A measure of the amount of mass in a unit of volume of a particular substance. It is temperature dependent. This of a substances changes as the substance is heated or cooled.

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Density

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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Strong covalent bonds that unite AA in globular protein formations

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Disulfide Bonds

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The movement of particles in an electric field towards an electric pole. The process is used to separate and purify biomolecules like DNA

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Electrophoresis

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Chemical formulas that show just the relative numbers of the atoms in the molecule.

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Empirical Formula

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A system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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A highly toxic compound used in gas sterilization

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Ethylene Oxide

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Typical of organisms, except bacteria and cyanobacteria having organelles and a well-defined nucleus.

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Eukaryotic Cell

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A reaction that gives off heat

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Exothermic Reaction

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Molecules that contain an odd number of electrons, making them highly reactive with other molecules

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Free Radicals

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Complete set of hereditary factors contained in the chromosomes of each cell of an individual

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Genome

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Carbohydrates composed of amino sugars, which are found in proteoglycans

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Glycosaminogl Ycans

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Having two identical alleles of a gene at corresponding loci (sites)

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Homozygous

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A reaction that occurs with water

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Hydrolysis

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The temporary component of the cell that is lifeless, having been brought into the cell via phagocytosis

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Inclusions

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The period between cell divisions during which all normal growth and functions occur

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Interphase

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Spaces between coded exons of a gene's DNA sequence that do not contain codes

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Introns

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One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different masses (different number of neutrons)

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Isotopes

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Having two different alleles of a gene at corresponding loci(sites) on homologous chromosomes

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Heterozygous

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A globular protein found in the cellular nucleus that connects with nucleic acid to form nucleoproteins

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Histones

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The metabolism of sugars, fatty acids and AA through oxidation to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy

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Kreb's Cycle

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The reduction division that reproductive cells undergo during their development

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Meiosis

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Process in which a parent nucleus reproduces two daughter nuclei, each identical to the parent nucleus

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Mitosis

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The concentration of a solution, expressed as miles of solute per kilogram of solvent

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Molality

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The dark, spherical object contained within the nucleus that is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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Nucleolus

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Chains of AA

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Oligopeptides

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A single-celled, ciliated protozoan

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Paramecium

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A modified form of sexual reproduction by the development of an egg without it being fertilized by a spermatozoa

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Parthenogenesis

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Primitive cells that lack a defined nucleus and most organelles

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Prokaryotic Cell

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The phase during mitotic division when chromatin becomes visible and organizes into chromosomes by joining two strands by a centromere

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Prophase

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A number used to describe and orbital

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Quantum Number

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RNA

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Ribonucleic Acid

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The cellular organelle that take genetic information from mRNA and converts it to protein

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Ribosome

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Carbohydrates. Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen important to animals as energy sources

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Saccharides

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The process in which an ester is hydrolyzed in the presence of a base

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Saponification

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The asexual cycle of sporozoa

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Schizongony

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Cells that can give rise to cells of all orders; cells capable of becoming any type of body tissue

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Totipotent

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The process of transferring genetic information from DNA to mRNA

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Transcription

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The process of converting genetic information in the form of mRNA into protein

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Translation

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A nucleotide found in RNA in place of thymine; bonds only with adenine

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Uracil

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The outermost electrons of an atom

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Valence Electrons