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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is matter? |
a substance that has mass and occupies space |
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What is a substance? |
any material all substances of which have the same composition and properties |
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What is an atom? |
smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element |
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What are protons? |
are positively charged and are found in the nucleus of an atom |
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What are neutrons? |
are neutrally charged and are also found in the nucleus |
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What are electrons? |
carry a negative charge and are found outside the nucleus and arranged according to their energy level |
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What is the atomic number? |
is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus. |
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What is the mass number? |
An integer equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atomic nucleus. |
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What are nucleons? |
protons + neutrons |
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What are isotopes? |
atoms of the same element that contain a different number of neutrons |
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What is atomic mass? |
weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes of the element. |
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What are radio-isotopes? |
isotopes that are radioactive |
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What are ions? |
charged atoms |
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What is a cation? |
an ion with a positive charge |
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What is anion? |
an ion with a negative charge |
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What are valence electrons? |
electrons found in the outermost energy level |
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What is the periodic table? |
a table containing all known elements |
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What are periods? |
horizontal rows in the periodic table that are arranged in order of increasing atomic number |
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What are groups? |
Or columns contain elements with similar properties because of their similar electron configurations |
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What is the octet rule? |
atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. |
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What is ionic bond? |
when positive and negative ions attract each other |
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What is the lewis electron dot diagram? |
diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. |
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What is a covalent bond? |
a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. |
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What is a nonpolar covalent bond? |
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. |
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What is a polar covalent bond? |
Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. |
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What is a dipole? |
two poles |
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What is an element? |
a simple substance made up of one type of atom |
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what is a compound? |
a substance made up of two or more different atoms bonded together |
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what is a gas? |
an airlike fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available, irrespective of its quantity. |
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what is a liquid? |
A liquid is a sample of matter that conforms to the shape of a container in which it is held, and which acquires a defined surface in the presence of gravity. |
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What is a solid? |
A solid is a sample of matter that retains its shape and density when not confined |
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What is melting? |
Process that takes a solid to a liquid |
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What is evaporation? |
Process that turns a liquid to a gas |
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What is condensation? |
process that turns gas to liquid |
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What is freezing? |
process that turns liquid into solid |
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What is sublimation? |
direct change between the solid phase and the gaseous phase without an apparent liquid phase |
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What is a homogeneous mixture? |
is simply any mixture that is uniform in composition throughout. |
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What is a solution? |
is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. |
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What is filtration? |
is the process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter |
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What is a solvent? |
is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically different liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. |
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What is a solute? |
is the solid that is dissolved in a liquid. |
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What is a tincture? |
is a solution that has alcohol as its solvent. |
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What is chromatography? |
the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension or as a vapor (as in gas chromatography) through a medium in which the components move at different rates. |
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What is emulsion? |
any colloidal suspension of a liquid in another liquid |
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What is solubility? |
chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. |
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What is distillation? |
purification or separation of mixture by using different evaporation rates or boiling points of their components |
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What is a heterogeneous mixture? |
made of different substances that remain physically separate. |
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What is chemical change? |
is any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances |
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What is physical change? |
is any change NOT involving a change in the substance's chemical identity. |
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What is reaction? |
is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. |
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What is reactant? |
Substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are consumed during the reaction to make products. |
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What is product? |
Product(s) are formed during chemical reactions as reagents are consumed. |
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What are synthesis (combination) reactions? |
is a type of chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product. |
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What are single replacement reactions? |
is a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reaction when an element or ion moves out of one compound and into another - that is, one element is replaced by another in a compound. This is represented by the general reaction scheme: A + B-C → A-C + B |
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What are double displacement reactions? |
is a chemical process involving the exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species, which results in the creation of products with similar or identical bonding affiliations. This reaction is represented by the general scheme: A-B + C-D → A-D + C-B |
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What is an acid-base reaction? |
When an acid and a base are placed together, they react to neutralize the acid and base properties, producing a salt. |
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What is a neutralization reaction? |
When a strong acid and a strong base solution are mixed, a neutralization reaction occurs, |
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What is acid? |
a molecule or other entity that can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in reactions. |
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What is base? |
is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions |
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What is a pH scale? |
is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is |
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What is an indicator? |
is a substance that undergoes a distinct observable change when conditions in its solution change. |
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What are decomposition reactions? |
separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance |
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What is activation energy? |
the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction. |
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What is catalyst? |
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. |
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What is exothermic? |
is a chemical or physical reaction that releases heat |
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What is endothermic? |
is any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. |
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What is equilibrium? |
is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time |
