Basic Chem #1

Front 1

chemistry

Back 1

the study of matter

Front 2

matter

Back 2

anything htat has mass and takes up space

Front 3

element

Back 3

a substance the cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions; a pure substance

Front 4

trace element and exs

Back 4

elements required by an organism in only minute quantities or a catastrpohic event
Iron-Fe-anemia
Iodine-I

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anemia

Back 5

lack of iron in the body; symptoms-paleness, tired, shortness of breath, blue lips

Front 6

Iodine

Back 6

only needed by vertebrates as an essential ingredient for the thyroid gland to make the hormone thyroxine

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iron

Back 7

needed by all life forms

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atom

Back 8

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element; million would be needed to stretch across the period @ the end of a typed sentence

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protons

Back 9

one unit of a positive charge; 1 amu; 1.7 x 10 to the -24 grams

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neutrons

Back 10

neutral charge; 1 amu

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electrons

Back 11

located in the energy field around the nucleus; has a negative charge; has a mass of 1/2000 od a proton or neutron

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atomic #

Back 12

all atoms of a particular element have the same # of protons in their nuclei; # of protons is known as the atomic #

Front 13

mass #

Back 13

the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus;

Front 14

atomic weight

Back 14

approximations of total mass of an atoms; usually have the weight of pen, but don't have to

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ion

Back 15

an atom with a negative and positive charge; only change electron

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isotope

Back 16

when atoms of an element have a dif. # of neutrons; give them dif. atomic weight

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radioactive isotope

Back 17

nucleus of an isotope is unstable; this causes the nucleus to decay spontaneously, giving off particles of energy and subatomic particles; changes element; unpredicatable

Front 18

compound

Back 18

substance consisting of 2+ elements combined in a fixed ratio
ex: 1:2:1
C6H12O6

Front 19

chemical bond

Back 19

the force of attraction between 2+ atoms that hold them together

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ionic bonding

Back 20

when 1+ electrons are transferred from one atom to aother; creates ions

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covalent bonding

Back 21

when atoms share electrons to form molecules

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single covalent bond

Back 22

atoms sharing 1 pair of electrons

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double covalent bond

Back 23

atoms sharing 2 pairs of electrons;=

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triple covalent bond

Back 24

atoms sharing 3 pairs of electrons

Front 25

types of scans
list

Back 25

MRI, CT, PET

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molecule

Back 26

two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

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diatomic molecule

Back 27

2 of the same elements that combine to form a milecule
ex. Cl2, F2, N2 O2

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structural formula

Back 28

shows relations of atoms
0=0

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chemiccal /molecular formula

Back 29

gives atoms present and a ratio
ex: 1:2:1

Front 30

acid

Back 30

a substance that will increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
ex: H+

Front 31

acid rain

Back 31

uncomtaminated rain that has a pH of about 5.6, slightly acidic, owing to the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O
When fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas)are burned, they release sulfur oxide and nitrous oxides into the air. These gaseous compounds mix with the rainwater and produce strong acids, which falls to the Earth as rain or snow
Winds carry pollutants away, so aicd rain usually occurs thousands of miles away from the factories and cities

Front 32

base

Back 32

a substance that reduces the ydrogen ion concentration of a solution of release OH-;
any compound that produces a hydroxide ion (OH-) when dissolved in a solution (water);
when a substance is basic, known as ALKALINE
NaOH --> Na+ + OH- (the fact that it produces OH- makes it a base)

Front 33

self-ioinization of water

Back 33

when an acid and a base are present in equaly amounts

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neutralization

Back 34

the process fo reacting an acid with a base to produce a neutral substance

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caustic

Back 35

damagin

Front 36

salt

Back 36

the ionic compound producedby the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base

Front 37

indicators

Back 37

a substance that changes color when the pH of a substance goes above or below a certain value

Front 38

types of indicators:

Back 38

red litmus paper-->blue in base
blue -->red in acid
methyl orange-->yellow-->red in strong (<3) acid
phenolphthalein-->colorless-->fuchia in basic (>10)
Bromthymol Blue (BTB)--> blue--> yellow (small acidic solutions)
pH paper

Front 39

buffer

Back 39

substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of hydrogent and hydroxide ions in a solution (help maintain blood close to 7.4)

Front 40

buffer list

Back 40

sodium bicarbonate-->buffer acids
carbonic acid-->buffer bases-->make bases less basic

Front 41

exception of pH in body

Back 41

stomach-->has musuc lining

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organic compound

Back 42

always has carbon, usually hydrogen, may oxygen and nitrogen
a compound that contains the element carbon; most occur naturally in living organisms or their by-products; covalent bonds and non-polar

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inorganic

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most impt: H20; no carbon except for C02 and CaCO3

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properites of water list

Back 44

cohesion, adhesion, polar

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cohesion

Back 45

the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance-->water likes water-->the molecules try to get back together

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adhesion

Back 46

the attraction between the molecules of one substance that are attracted to molecules of a different substance; allows dissolving to occur; ex: HCl dissolving in H20; what allows water to travel from ground to leaves of tree-->capillary action

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polar molecule

Back 47

one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end; "Opposties attract"

Front 48

hydrophilic

Back 48

any substance that has an affinity for a water molecule
ex: food coloring
ploar <--> polar

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affinity

Back 49

attraction

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hydrophobic

Back 50

any substance that does not have an affinity for water or is repelled by it
ex: oil, fats
polar <--> non-polar

Front 51

polymer

Back 51

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Front 52

exs of polymers

Back 52

carbs, proteins, nucleic acid

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monomer

Back 53

the repeating subunits that serve as the building blocks of a polymerl some of the molecules that serve as monomers also have other functions of their own (lipids)

Front 54

dehydrations synthesis

Back 54

the process by which monomers connect to other polymers/monomers to form polymers; removing H20

Front 55

hydrolysis

Back 55

adding H20; polymers are broken down into monomers by a reverse reaction called hydrolysis

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carbohydrate

Back 56

an organic compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen

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monosaccharide

Back 57

simplest carb; "simple sugar"

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isomer

Back 58

a compound that has the same chamical formula but a different structural formula

Front 59

-ose

Back 59

what most sugars USUALLY end in; glucose, fructose, galactose

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exceptions to -ose

Back 60

starch, chitin

Front 61

adhesion

Back 61

the attraction between the molecules of one substance that are attracted to molecules of a different substance; allows dissolving to occur; ex: HCl dissolving in H20; what allows water to travel from ground to leaves of tree-->capillary action

Front 62

polar molecule

Back 62

one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end; "Opposties attract"

Front 63

hydrophilic

Back 63

any substance that has an affinity for a water molecule
ex: food coloring
ploar <--> polar

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affinity

Back 64

attraction

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hydrophobic

Back 65

any substance that does not have an affinity for water or is repelled by it
ex: oil, fats
polar <--> non-polar

Front 66

polymer

Back 66

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Front 67

exs of polymers

Back 67

carbs, proteins, nucleic acid

Front 68

monomer

Back 68

the repeating subunits that serve as the building blocks of a polymerl some of the molecules that serve as monomers also have other functions of their own (lipids)

Front 69

dehydrations synthesis

Back 69

the process by which monomers connect to other polymers/monomers to form polymers; removing H20

Front 70

hydrolysis

Back 70

adding H20; polymers are broken down into monomers by a reverse reaction called hydrolysis

Front 71

carbohydrate

Back 71

an organic compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen

Front 72

monosaccharide

Back 72

simplest carb; "simple sugar"

Front 73

isomer

Back 73

a compound that has the same chamical formula but a different structural formula

Front 74

-ose

Back 74

what most sugars USUALLY end in; glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 75

exceptions to -ose

Back 75

starch, chitin

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mono

Back 76

1

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di

Back 77

2

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poly

Back 78

many; 3+

Front 79

disaccharide

Back 79

the molecule formed by joining 2 simple sugars (monosaccharies) by dehydration synthesis

Front 80

exs of disaccharides

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maltose (malt sugar in beer)-->glucose + glucose
sucrose (table sugar)-->glucose + fructose
lactose (milk suagar)-->glucose + galactose

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glycosidic bond

Back 81

how simple sugars are held together; a covalent bond formed betweend 2 monosaccharides by a hydration reaction

Front 82

polysaccharide

Back 82

a few hundred --> a few thousand simple sugars bonded together through dehydration synthesis to create a chain of repeating subunites with gyycosidic bonds

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function of polysaccharides

Back 83

provide stored energy; building material to provide structure to cell

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storage polysaccharide list

Back 84

starch, glycogen

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starch

Back 85

a polymer consisting of glucose monomers that forms a helix shape is stored energy in plants (released by hydrolysis)

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glycogen

Back 86

a polymer of glucose that acts as stored energy in animals; Humans store in liver and muscle cells; hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose to be made availabe when sugar demand increases; only last for 1 day, then fats starts to burn

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structural polysaccharide list

Back 87

cellulose, chitin

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cellulose

Back 88

the polysaccharide plants produce to build strong materials (cell walls); polymer of glucose monomersl impt. form of fiber in diet to prevent constipation--> enzyme to break fown cellulose-->not possessed by humans;
ex: outer shell of corn, celery stuff that you just chew and chew; cows have bacteria in gut that helps them break down cellulose in grass

Front 89

chitin

Back 89

the polysaccharide used by arthropods (spiders, insects --> anything with exoskeleton) for formation of exoskeleton; polymer made from monomer of glucose with added nitrogen to molecules

Front 90

lipid

Back 90

an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

Front 91

function of lipids:

Back 91

part of cell structure and serve as reserve energy-->insulin or act as protective coating (ear wax); nonpolar; less O2 atoms in lipids than carbs; hydrophobic

Front 92

synthesis of fat

Back 92

a molecule of fat is formed by the dehydration synthesis of 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glucose molecule

Front 93

fatty acid

Back 93

a chain of carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are bonded, a carboxyl group is also present

Front 94

carboxyl group

Back 94

=0
C`OH

Front 95

saturated fats

Back 95

fats that are formed from fatty acids that have a single to single carbon bond
ex: solid @ room temp.; butter, lard; most fats from animals tend to be saturated fats execpt coconut

Front 96

unsaturated fats

Back 96

one pair of carbon atoms are joined by a double bond/triple bond of the fatty acid that makes up the fat ex: liquid @ room temperature, olive oil, cod liver oil, tend to be from plants and fish

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polysaturated fats

Back 97

a fat that has fatty acid chains with more than one double to triple bond

Front 98

diets high in saturated fats are worse because they...

Back 98

...stick to blood vessels
...tend to raise cholesterol levels, which increase risk for stroke and heart attacks

Front 99

cholesterol

Back 99

a solid oject in the human body; C27H46 O; occurs in all animal cells and body fluids; orignates in body (mainly in liver) or from animal fats<--meat, fish, milk, eggs, cheese or butter

Front 100

HDL

Back 100

high density lipoprotein; held to transport cholesterol back to liver for excretions and thought that more HDL, better overall health would be; good cholesterol

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LDL

Back 101

bad cholesterol; low density lipoproteins;carries triglycerides and cholesterol to other body cells