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285 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the manubrium? |
part of the sternum (breast bone) |
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Where are the intercostal muscles located? |
Between ribs |
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List the 4 types of brain waves |
alpha, beta, theta, delta |
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What term refers to the development of brain & sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism? |
Cephalization |
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What are the three parts of the brain stem? |
1. Mid brain 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata |
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What term refers to the violent jarring of the brain that results in a disturbance of brain function? |
Concussion |
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What is the term for the marked destruction of brain tissue, and if severe, results on a coma? |
Contusion |
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Name the three functional regions of the cerebral cortex |
1. Motor areas 2. Association areas 3. Sensory areas |
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What are the four lobes of the cerebrum? |
1. frontal 2. parietal 3. occipital 4. temporal |
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Name the 3 classes of neurons. |
unipolar, bipolar and multipolar
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Consists of the brain and spinal cord |
central nervous system |
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Name the 3 parts of a nucleic acid. |
sugar, phosphate and nitrogen-containing bases |
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Name 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS |
astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes |
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Name 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS |
satellite cells and Schwan cells |
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Describe a columnar epithelial cell. |
Cell is tall; nucleus is oval and located in the center of the cell |
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What are the 4 types of cells found in the epidermis? |
keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhan's cells |
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Which type of cells found in the epidermis help activate our immune system? |
Langerhan's cells |
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List 3 pigments that contribute to skin color and the color range for each one. |
melanin (yellow-black); carotene (yellow-orange); hemoglobin (blue-pink) |
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List the 3 layers of skin. |
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
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Name the 4 elements found in proteins. |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen |
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What is the pH range of blood? |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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What are the 2 layers of the dermis? |
papillary layer and reticular layer |
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Does the increase of hydronium ions increase or decrease the pH of blood? |
decrease |
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What are 3 types of nucleic acids? |
DNA, RNA and ATP |
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What are 3 types of fibers that make up connective tissue? |
collagen fibers; reticular fibers; and elastic fibers |
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Which type of neuroglia act like sensory receptors? |
Merkel cells |
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What type of biological molecules form from monosaccharides? |
carbohydrates |
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Which area of the brain deals with balance? |
vestibular cortex |
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What is another name for the C1 vertebrae? |
atlas |
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What is the pectoral girdle made of? |
scapula and clavicles |
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Another name for nerve cells. |
neurons |
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What are the 3 parts of the sternum? |
manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
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List the 4 sutures of the skull. |
sagittal; coronal; squamous; lambdoid |
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How many bones are in the human body? |
206 |
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What are the 3 regions that make up the upper limb? |
arm; forearm; hand |
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What is another name for the tailbone? |
coccyx |
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Where is the glabella located? |
between the eyebrows |
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Name the 3 coxal bones. |
illium; ishium; pubis |
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Name the 3 divisions of the axial skeleton. |
skull; vertebral column; bony thorax |
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What is another name for the C2 vertebra? |
axis |
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Name the 5 divisions of the vertebral column. |
cervical vertebrae; thoracic vertebrae; lumbar vertebrae; sacrum; coccyx |
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Name the 3 types of bones found in the hand. |
capals; metacarpals; phalanges |
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List the 4 curvatures of the vertebral column. |
cervical; thoracic; lumbar; sacral |
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List the 4 sinuses. |
frontal; ethmoidal; sphenoid; maxillary |
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What is the opening at the base of the skull? |
foramen magnum |
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Name 4 of the 7 types of fassicle arrangements in muscles. |
bipennate; unipennate; multipennate; parallel; convergent; circular; fusiform |
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Which muscle is known as the smiling muscle? |
zygomaticus |
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Functional group of muscles that assist prime movers. |
synergists |
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Muscle that has a trapezoid shape. |
trapezius |
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Muscle that is relatively small. |
minimus |
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Muscle that tenses the neck. |
platysma |
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Muscle that has a triangular shape. |
deltoid |
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Term that describes a muscle over the temporal bone. |
temporalis |
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Where is the mentalis muscle located? |
chin |
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Muscle located over the occipital bone. |
occipitalis |
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Demonstrate or describe circumduction. |
arm circles |
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What muscle is used for squinting your eyes? |
orbicularis oculi |
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Functional group of muscles that immobilize a bone. |
fixators |
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List the 4 functional groups of muscles. |
prime movers; synergists; fixators; antagonists |
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What type of biological molecule forms from glycerol and fatty acids? |
lipids |
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Term that implies muscle fibers run at an acute angle to the axis of the muscle. |
oblique |
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Demonstrate or describe pronation. |
turning palms downward |
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Prefix that indicates a muscle has 4 origins. |
quad |
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Name 5 criteria used for naming muscles. |
direction of muscle fibers; shape; location; size; number of origins; location of attachments; action |
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Which muscle is the prime move of head flexion? |
sternocleidomastoid |
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What are the 4 things the skeleton is made of? |
bones; cartilages; joints; ligaments |
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Name 4 appendages of the skin. |
hair; nails; sebaceous glands; hair follicle; mammary gland |
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Type of cells that produce a lot of fibrous protein that strengthens the skin. |
keratinocytes |
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Name 4 of the 6 types of epithelium. |
simple cuboidal; simple columnar; simple squamous; stratified cuboidal; transitional; pseudostratified columnar |
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Name 3 functions of enzymes. |
speed up chemical reactions; control which reactions happen; activate other enzymes |
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Describe a cuboidal epithelial cell. |
box-shaped; nucleus is spherical and is in the center of the cell |
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List the 3 shapes of epithelial cells. |
squamous; cuboidal; columnar |
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What is edema? |
Swelling caused by the absorption of excess fluid by a tissue |
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What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
hyaline; elastic; fibrocartilage |
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Describe a squamous epithelial cell. |
Flat-shaped; disc-shaped nucleus at the center of the cell |
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Finger-like extensions of plasma membrane of a cell that increase surface area which aids in the absorption or secretion of substances |
microvilli |
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What are secreted by endocrine glands? |
hormones |
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Adipose (fat) tissue found only in babies. |
brown adipose |
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Name 4 functions of the epithelium. |
protection; absorption; filtration; excretion; secretion; sensory reception |
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What do the letters in the ABCD rule represent? |
assymetry; border; color; diameter |
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Protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream. |
hemoglobin |
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What 2 substances are secreted by exocrine glands? |
sweat and oils |
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What term describes epithelium that is made of 2 or more layers? |
stratified |
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Type of cells that contain a dark-colored pigment. |
melanocytes |
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What do we call substances that keep pH constant? |
buffers |
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Name the 4 types of connective tissue. |
connective tissue proper; cartilage; osseous (bone); blood |
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Which type of connective tissue fibers are the strongest? |
reticular fibers
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Name the 3 types of muscle. |
cardiac; skeletal; smooth |
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White, fatty substance that protects and insulates nerve fibers from one another. |
myelin sheath |
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What type of biological molecule forms from amino acids? |
proteins |
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Name 4 of the 5 layers of the epidermis. |
stratum corneum; stratum lucidum; stratum granulosum; stratum spinosum; stratum basal |
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Which layer of the epidermis is the superficial layer? |
stratum corneum |
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Which layer of the epidermis is the deepest layer? |
stratum basale |
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Name 4 types of sweat glands. |
eccrine; apocrine; ceruminous; mammary |
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Name the 3 types of bones that make up the foot. |
tasals; metatarsals; phalanges
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What chemical ion is a buffer in blood because it can act as an acid or a base? |
bicarbonate |
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Name 4 functions of the integumentary system. |
protection; regulate body temperature; cutaneous sensation; metabolic functions; blood reservoir; excretion
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What is the function of proteins? |
they build and repair cells |
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Name 4 structures of a motor neuron. |
nucleus, axon hillock, Schwan cell, cell body, dendrites, axon |
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Name the 3 germs layers that develop in a gastrula. |
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
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List the 5 survival needs. |
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure |
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What is the function of the respiratory system? |
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide |
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What is the study of tissues? |
histology |
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What is the type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes? |
receptor |
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List the 4 types of tissue |
epithelium, muscle, connective, nervous |
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Describe the location of the lungs to the heart. |
the lungs are lateral to the heart |
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What is the back of the knee called? |
popliteal region |
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Name and describe 3 types of bone markings. |
projections - grow outward from bone surface, depressions - dent inward from bone surface, openings - passageways through bones
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The shaft of a long bone. |
diaphysis |
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What is the membrane that covers internal bone surfaces? |
endosteum |
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List 4 functions of bones. |
support, protection, movement, mineral storage |
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What is the membrane that covers the outside of the bone? |
periosteum |
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Cartilage growth from the inside. |
interstitial growth |
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Cartilage growth from the outside. |
appositional growth |
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List the 4 types of bones. |
long, short, flat, irregular |
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What are the 3 cells that help make up bone? |
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes |
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What makes up the appendicular skeleton? |
upper & lower limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle |
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Identify the 9 abdominopelvic regions. |
right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac |
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What is the difference between macroscopic and microscopic anatomy? |
macroscopic - study of large, visible structures microscopic - study of structures too small to be seen with the visible eye |
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What term means is located close to? |
proximal |
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What term means is locate far away from? |
distal |
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Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. |
anatomy is the study of structure; physiology is the study of function |
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What does the term anterior mean? |
towards the front of the body |
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What does the term superior mean? |
towards the head or upper part of the body |
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Where is your axillary region? |
armpit |
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Where is your buccal area? |
cheek |
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Where is your lumbar region? |
lower back |
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Where is your femoral region? |
upper leg |
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Where is your cephalic region? |
head |
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Where is your brachial area? |
upper arm |
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Where is your cervical region? |
neck |
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What two organs are housed in your thoracic cavity? |
heart and lungs |
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Where is chemical energy stored? |
In the bonds that hold atoms together. |
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What is the function of ATP? |
It is the usable energy source in your body. |
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What part of a cell is composed of phospholipids? |
cell membrane (lipid bilayer) |
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The movement of large molecules into a cell by forming a vesicle. |
endocytosis |
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The movement of large molecules out of a cell by forming a vesicle. |
exocytosis |
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Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic? |
its tails |
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Name the 3 types of junctions that join cells. |
gap junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes |
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Organelle that produces energy in the form of ATP. |
mitochondria |
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Organelle that sorts, packages, and exports proteins from the cell. |
Golgi apparatus |
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The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
diffusion |
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Type of transport that requires energy. |
active transport |
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Type of solution in which cells lose water and shrivel. |
hypertonic solution |
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Type of solution in which cells gain water and swell. |
hypotonic solution |
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Type of solution in which cells maintain their size and water balance. |
isotonic solution |
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Name two types of active transport across the cell membrane. |
pumps, vesicles |
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Organelle in which proteins are made from amino acids. |
ribosomes |
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The protein that unzips DNA during DNA replication. |
helicase |
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The process by which RNA is made from DNA. |
transcription |
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The process by which proteins are made by RNA. |
translation |
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What is the top or upper surface of epithelia called? |
apical surface |
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What is the bottom or lower surface of epithelia called? |
basal surface |
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What is the most abundant type of cartilage found in the body? |
hyaline cartilage |
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Explain the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. |
The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs. |
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What are the two most important minerals that are stored in bones? |
calcium and phosphate |
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The shaft or long axis of a bone. |
diaphysis |
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The end of a bone. |
epiphysis |
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The lower jawbone. |
mandible |
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The upper jawbone. |
maxilla |
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The cheekbones. |
zygomatic bones |
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Cushionlike pads that separate the vertebrae from one another. |
intervertebral discs |
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The large central opening in each vertebra which houses the spinal cord. |
vertebral foramen |
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The portion of each vertebra that projects posteriorly. |
spinous process |
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Another name for the tailbone. |
coccyx |
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The breastbone. |
sternum |
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Another name for shoulder blades. |
scapulae |
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Another name for collar bones. |
clavicles |
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Bone located in the (upper arm). |
humerus |
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Two bones that make up the forearm. |
radius and ulna |
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Bone found in the upper leg. |
femur |
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Bones found in the lower leg. |
fibula and tibia |
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Fibrous joints that join the bones of the skull. |
sutures |
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Type of joints that have a fluid that separated the articulating bones. |
synovial joint |
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Give an example of a hinge joint. |
elbow, knee |
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Give an example of a ball and socket joint. |
shoulder, hip |
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List the 3 types of muscle tissue. |
smooth, cardiac and skeletal |
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Type of muscle tissue that is controlled voluntarily. |
skeletal muscle |
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Name three functions of muscles. |
movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat |
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The less movable or immovable bone to which a muscle is attached. |
origin |
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The more movable bone to which a muscle is attached. |
insertion |
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The two proteins that are involved in the formation of bridges in the process of muscle contraction. |
actin and myosin |
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The electric current involved in muscle contraction. |
action potential |
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Type of muscle found in the intestines. |
smooth muscle |
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Type of muscle that makes up the heart. |
cardiac muscle |
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Where are the trapezius muscles located? |
middle of upper back and neck |
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Where are the gluteus maximus muscles located? |
butt cheeks |
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Smiling muscle |
zygomaticus |
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Muscle that circles around the mouth. |
orbicularis oris |
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Cheek muscles that keep food between teeth during chewing. |
buccinator |
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Muscle that circles around the eye. |
orbicularis oculi |
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Muscles located on the anterior (front) surface of the upper arm. |
biceps brachii |
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Muscles located on the posterior (back) surface of the upper arm. |
triceps brachi |
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Where are your pectoralis muscles located? |
upper chest |
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Where are your deltoid muscles located? |
shoulder |
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Muscles that serve as the prime mover of the jaw. |
masseters |
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What are the projections from the cell body of a neuron called? |
processes |
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Which type of process is unbranching and carries nerve impulses away from the cell body? |
axon |
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Which type of process has numerous branches and carries nerve impulses towards the cell body? |
dendrites |
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The wide region of the cell body of a neuron that tapers to form an axon. |
axon hillock |
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The gap between the terminals of an axon and the tissue/cell receiving a signal. |
synapse |
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Which two types of ions are associated with the generation of a membrane potential? |
sodium and potassium ions |
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The gaps between the Schwann cells on an axon. |
Nodes of Ranvier |
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The bumps or ridges on the surface of the brain. |
gyri |
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The shallow grooves on the surface of the brain. |
sulci |
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Deeper grooves on the surface of the brain. |
fissures |
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The largest and outermost portion of the brain. |
cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) |
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The "small brain" located in the lower posterior portion of the brain. |
cerebellum |
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Connective tissues that cover and protect the brain. |
meninges |
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Fluid that cushions and supports the brain and spinal cord. |
cerebrospinal fluid |
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Sensory organs for taste. |
tastebuds |
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Glands that secrete tears. |
lacrimal glands |
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What do the ciliary muscles in the eye control? |
the shape of the lens |
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Sensory cells in the retina that detect color. |
cones |
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Sensory cells in the retina that detect brightness. |
rods |
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The gel-like fluid that fills the posterior portionof the eyeball. |
vitreous humor |
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The water-like fluid that fills the anterior portion of the eyeball. |
aqueous humor |
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Chemical substances that regulate metabolic functions of other cells. |
hormones |
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Gland located under the brain which releases growth hormone. |
pituitary gland |
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Gland located in the anterior portion of the neck which releases the body's major metabolic hormone. |
thyroid gland |
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Gland which releases the most important hormone controlling Ca balance in the blood. |
parathyroid gland |
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Hormone responsible for initiating labor. |
oxytocin |
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Glands located atop the kidneys that release hormone that affect kidney function. |
adrenal glands |
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Gland located behind the stomach which releases juices that aid in digestion. |
pancreas |
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The only fluid tissue in the body. |
blood |
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Name the 3 formed elements found in blood. |
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets |
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Protein in RBCs that bonds to oxygen. |
hemoglobin |
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Where do RBCs form? |
In the red marrow of bones of the axial skeleton |
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Fragments of large cells that are essential for the clotting process. |
platelets |
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Blood cells that aid in fighting infection. |
leukocytes |
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Name the 4 human blood types. |
A, B, AB and O. |
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The chambers of the heart that receive blood. |
atria |
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The chambers of the heart that pump blood. |
ventricles |
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Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. |
pericardium |
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Atrial muscles that look as if they were raked by a comb. |
pectinate muscles |
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Shallow depression that makes the spot where there was an opening between the atria in the fetal heart. |
fossa ovalis |
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Major vein that returns blood to the heart from areas superior to the diaphragm. |
superior vena cava |
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Major vein that returns blood to the hear from areas below the diaphragm. |
inferior vena cava |
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What are the arteries and veins that transport blood between the heart and lungs called? |
pulmonary arteries and veins |
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What are the arteries and veins that transport blood to and from the kidneys called? |
renal arteries and veins |
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Conelike muscle bundles in ventricles that play a role in the operation of heart valves. |
paillary muscles |
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Irregular ridges of muscles in ventricles associated with blood discharge. |
traveculae carneae |
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The largest artery in the human body. |
aorta |
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Blood pressure measured when the ventricles are contracting. |
systolic pressure |
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Blood pressure measured when the ventricles are relaxing. |
diastolic pressure |
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Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart. |
arteries |
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Blood vessels that transport blood towards the heart. |
veins |
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The blood containing space in an artery or vein. |
lumen |
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Smallest blood vessels; connect arteries to veins. |
capillaries |
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Where is your brachial artery found? |
upper arm |
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Where are your carotid arteries located? |
neck |
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Where are your jugular veins located? |
neck |
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Where is your femoral artery located? |
upper leg |
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Which body system transports fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system? |
lymphatic system |
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Fatty lymph that drains from the intestines. |
chyle |
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Largest organ of the lymphatic system which has blood-cleansing functions. |
Spleen |
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Simplest lymphoid organs located near the entrance to the pharynx. |
tonsils |
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Division of the immune system that responds immediately. |
innate immune system |
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Division of the immune system that takes time before it responds. |
adaptive immune system |
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Enzyme in saliva and tears that destroys bacteria. |
lysozyme |
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Large cells of the immune system that engulf and digest pathogens. |
phagocytes |
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Movement of air into and out of the lungs. |
pulmonary ventilation |
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Movement of oxygen from the lungs to blood and of carbon dioxide from blood to the lungs. |
external respiration |
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Movement of oxygen from blood into tissues and of carbon dioxide from tissues to blood. |
internal respiration |
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Hairs that filter dust particles from inspired air. |
vibrissae |
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The voicebox. |
larynx |
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The windpipe. |
trachea |
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Thin-walled air sacs located in the lungs. |
alveoli |
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Tubes that branch from the trachea into each lung. |
bronchi |
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The propulsion of food through the digestive system by means of alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles. |
peristalsis |
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Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. |
esophagus |
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What is mastication? |
chewing |
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What is deflutition? |
swallowing |
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Organ that produces bile (which breaks apart fat during digestion). |
liver |
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Organ that stores bile. |
gall bladder |
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List the 4 main structures of the urinary system. |
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
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What is micturition? |
act of emptying the bladder |
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What are the 3 regions of the kidney? |
renal cortex, renal medulla and renal pelvis |
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The structural and functional units of the kidneys. |
nephrons |
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Sperm-producing male gonads. |
testes |
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Doughnut shaped gland that secretes chemicals that activate sperm. |
prostate gland |
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Sequence of events that produces sperm. |
spermatogenesis |
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Female gonads. |
ovaries |
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The mucosal lining of the uterine cavity. |
endometrium |
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The removal of breast tissue, underlying muscles and associated lymph nodes. |
radical mastectomy |
