Basal Ganglia

Front 1

Five (or seven) primary components of the basal ganglia?

Back 1

1. Caudate, 2. putamen, 3.globus pallidus, 4.subthalamic nucleus, 5.substantia nigra, 6.(nucleus accumbens), and 7.(ventral pallidum)

Front 2

Components of striatum

Back 2

caudate + putamen

Front 3

Input nuclei of the basal ganglia

Back 3

caudate and putamen (aka striatum)

Front 4

Components of the lenticular/lentiform nucleus

Back 4

globus pallidus and putamen

Front 5

What is the primary blood supply to the basal ganglia?

Back 5

Middle cerebral artery via lenticulostriate branches

Front 6

Anatomically, caudate and putamen are always _______ to the internal capsule while lentiform nuclei are _____ to the internal capsule.

Back 6

medial, lateral

Front 7

What are the four functional parallel pathways within the basal ganglia?

Back 7

1. Eye movements
2. Cognitive functions
3. Emotional functions
4. General motor control

Front 8

The most important input nucleus for motor control pathways is the _____

Back 8

putamen

Front 9

Inputs to the basal ganglia are ______ (inhibitory vs excitatory) and utilize ______ as the primary neurotransmitter.

Back 9

Inputs to the basal ganglia are excitatory and utilize glutamate as the primary neurotransmitter.

Front 10

Cerebral cortex is a primary __________(input to/output of) the basal ganglia.

Back 10

Cerebral cortex is a primary INPUT to the basal ganglia.

Front 11

The most important input nucleus of the basal ganglia is the _______.

Back 11

The most important input nucleus of the basal ganglia is the PUTAMEN.

Front 12

Are most cortical inputs to the basal ganglia excitatory or inhibitory?

Back 12

Most cortical inputs to the basal ganglia are excitatory.

Front 13

Other, non-cortical input to the basal ganglia include:

Back 13

1. Striosomes
2. Thalamic nuclei (intralaminar)
3. Brainstem raphe nuclei with serotonergic input

Front 14

Cortical inputs to the striatum use which neurostransmitter?

Back 14

Cortical inputs to the striatum are excitatory and use glutamte.

Front 15

Output nuclei for the basal ganglia

Back 15

Globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticulata

Front 16

Basal ganglia output pathways are _________

Back 16

Basal ganglia output pathways are INHIBITORY

Front 17

Basal ganglia output pathways use which neurotransmitter?

Back 17

GABA

Front 18

Primary thalamic nuclei targeted for basal ganglia output

Back 18

Ventral lateral & ventral anterior

Front 19

Basic output pathway for basal ganglia

Back 19

Basal ganglia-thalamus (VA & VL nuclei)- frontal lobe

Front 20

Basal ganglia output and body parts:
Substantia nigra output responsible for ___________
Globus pallidus responsible for ____________

Back 20

Substantia nigra = head and neck
Globus pallidus = rest of body

Front 21

Secondary basal ganglia output targets to thalamus

Back 21

Intralaminar nuclei
Mediodorsal nucleus

Front 22

Direct pathway of basal ganglia

Back 22

Striatum-globus pallidus internal or substantia nigra

Front 23

Indirect pathway of basal ganglia

Back 23

Striatum- globus pallidus external - subthalamic nucleus - globus pallidus internal or
substantia nigra

Front 24

Net effect of direct pathway of the basal ganglia is __________ while the indirect pathway has a ____________ effect

Back 24

Direct: excitatory
Indirect: inhibitory

Front 25

Primary neurotransmitter for direct and indirect BG pathways

Back 25

GABA

Front 26

Loss of dopamine in Parkinson’s leads to a net ________ effect of the thalamus

Back 26

Loss of dopamine in Parkinson’s leads to a net INHIBITORY effect of the thalamus

Front 27

Dopamine _______________ neurons of the direct pathway and _______________ the indirect pathway, with a new effect of _________________ on thalamus.

Back 27

Dopamine EXCITES neurons of the direct pathway and INHIBITS the indirect pathway, with a new effect of EXCITATION on thalamus.

Front 28

Typical cause of hemiballismus

Back 28

Subthalamic nucleus damage (reduced inhibition of thalamus)

Front 29

Contents of motor channel of basal ganglia

Back 29

Cortex-putamen-Globus Pallidus internal/subst nigra reticulata- thalamus (VL, VA)-motor cortices

Front 30

Contents of oculomotor channel of basal ganglia

Back 30

PL, preFL - caudate - Globus Pallidus internal/subst nigra reticulata - thalamus (VA, MD)-frontal eye fields, supp eye fields

Front 31

Contents of prefrontal channel of basal ganglia

Back 31

PL, premotor cortex - caudate - Globus Pallidus internal/subst nigra reticulata - thalamus (VA, MD)- prefrontal cortex

Front 32

Contents of limbic channel of basal ganglia

Back 32

TL, hippocampus, amygdale-Nuc Accumbens, Caudaute, Putamen- ventral pallidum, Globus Pallidus internal, subst nigra reticulata, - thalamus (MD, VA)-anterior cingulate, orbital FL

Front 33

Aspect of eye movement controlled by basal ganglia

Back 33

Mediation of eye movements