Basal G And Cerebellum

Front 1

function of basal ganglia

Back 1

initiation of movement

Front 2

output of the cerebellum

Back 2

excitatory

Front 3

output of the basal ganglia

Back 3

inhibitory

Front 4

function of cerebellum

Back 4

coordination of movement

Front 5

parkinson's disease

Back 5

malfunction of the basal ganglia; difficulty initiating movements

Front 6

basal ganglia nuclei

Back 6

telencephalon: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
diencephalon: subthalamic nucleus
midbrain: substantia nigra

Front 7

major input nuclei of the basal ganglia

Back 7

caudate and putamen

Front 8

where does the striatum receive most of its input?

Back 8

cerebral cortex

Front 9

what structures is the substantial nigra pars compacta interconnected with

Back 9

striatum

Front 10

neurotransmitter associated with SNpc

Back 10

dopamine

Front 11

degeneration of the SNpc results in ____

Back 11

Parkinson's disease

Front 12

substantia nigra pars reticulata function

Back 12

control of head and eye movements

Front 13

where does the globus pallidus receive its input from?

Back 13

striatum

Front 14

____ projects TO the subthalamic nucleus and ____ receives projections FROM the subthalamic nucleus

Back 14

GPe, GPi

Front 15

major output nucleus of the basal ganglia

Back 15

GPi

Front 16

substantia nigra function

Back 16

modulates output of striatum

Front 17

subthalamic nucleus function

Back 17

modulates output of globus pallid us

Front 18

lenticular nuclei

Back 18

putamen, GPe, and GPi

Front 19

activates the thalamus and initiates movements

Back 19

direct pathway

Front 20

inhibits movements by inhibiting thalamus

Back 20

indirect pathway

Front 21

direct pathway

Back 21

1. association cortex excites striatum
2. striatum inhibits GPi
3. GPi stops inhibiting thalamus
4. thalamus and premotor cortex are excited
5. movement

Front 22

indirect pathway

Back 22

1. association cortex excites striatum
2. striatum inhibits GPe
3. GPe stops inhibiting the STN
4. STN excites GPi
5. GPi inhibits the thalamus
5. no movement

Front 23

What is the role of dopamine in the direct pathway? the indirect pathway?

Back 23

Dopamine excites the direct pathway via D1 receptors in the striatum and inhibits the indirect pathway via D2 receptors in the striatum

Front 24

D1 receptors

Back 24

excite the neurons that inhibit GPi; this allows the thalamus to become excited

Front 25

D2 receptors

Back 25

inhibit the neurons that inhibit GPe so that the STN can excite GPi

Front 26

What effect would the loss of dopamine have on a person?

Back 26

diminished thalamic activity and difficulty initiating movements

Front 27

negative signs of basal ganglia disease are characterized by ____

Back 27

a loss of function

Front 28

positive signs of basal ganglia disease are characterized by ____

Back 28

the addition of a new motor function

Front 29

negative signs of basal ganglia disease

Back 29

akinesia
bradykinesia
masked facies
dystonia

Front 30

positive signs of basal ganglia disease

Back 30

plastic rigidity
cog-wheel rigidity
athetosis
dystonia
chorea
ballismus

Front 31

lack of movement

Back 31

akinesia

Front 32

slowness of movement

Back 32

bradykinesia

Front 33

mask-like facial expression, infrequent blinking, and staring

Back 33

masked facies

Front 34

involuntary muscle contractions

Back 34

dystonia

Front 35

uniform resistance when a limb is stretched

Back 35

plastic rigidity

Front 36

ratchet-like resistance when a limb is stretched

Back 36

cog-wheel rigidity

Front 37

inability to maintain a fixed or sustained posture; writhing movements

Back 37

athetosis

Front 38

involuntary arrhythmic movements that are forceful, rapid, and jerky

Back 38

chorea

Front 39

violent flinging of the limbs

Back 39

ballismus

Front 40

What are the defining characteristics of hypokinetic disorders?

Back 40

1. inhibition of the direct pathway, activation of the indirect pathway

2. reduced motor activity due to thalamus inhibition

Front 41

What diseases are most common with hypokinetic disorders?

Back 41

Parkinson's
Tardive Dyskinesia
Bradykinesia
Akinesia

Front 42

What are the defining characteristics of hyperkinetic disorders?

Back 42

1. activation of the direct pathway, inhibition of the indirect pathway

2. increased motor activity due to increased thalamic activity

Front 43

What diseases are most common with hyperkinetic disorders?

Back 43

Chorea
Ballismus
Huntington's chorea
Tourette's Syndrome

Front 44

median division that runs between the two cerebellar lobes

Back 44

vermis

Front 45

narrow band adjacent to the vermis

Back 45

paravermal area

Front 46

enlarged zone lateral to the paranormal area

Back 46

lateral hemisphere

Front 47

Where does the flocconodular lobe receive its input?

Back 47

vestibular system

Front 48

Where does the anterior lobe receive its input?

Back 48

ascending tracts from the spinal cord

Front 49

Where does the posterior lobe receive its input?

Back 49

cerebral cortex

Front 50

What is the function of the flocconodular lobe?

Back 50

balance

Front 51

What is the function of the anterior lobe?

Back 51

controls limb movements while they are being executed

Front 52

What is the function of the posterior lobe?

Back 52

learning and storage of skilled movements

Front 53

Vestibulocerebellum

Back 53

flocconodular lobe

Front 54

spinocerebellum

Back 54

anterior lobe

Front 55

cerebrocerebellum

Back 55

posterior lobe

Front 56

archicherebellum

Back 56

flocconodular lobe

Front 57

paleocerebellum

Back 57

anterior lobe

Front 58

neocerebellum

Back 58

posterior lobe

Front 59

newest part of the cerebellum

Back 59

neocerebellum

Front 60

oldest part of the cerebellum

Back 60

archicerebellum

Front 61

simplest part of the cerebellum

Back 61

archicerebellum

Front 62

most complex part of the cerebellum

Back 62

neocerebellum

Front 63

output nucleus of the flocconodular lobe

Back 63

fastigial nucleus

Front 64

output nucleus of the anterior lobe

Back 64

interposed nucleus

Front 65

output nucleus of the posterior lobe

Back 65

dentate nucleus

Front 66

What is the largest cerebellar nuclei?

Back 66

dentate nucleus

Front 67

function of the cerebellar peduncles

Back 67

serve as information highways connecting the cerebellum and brainstem

Front 68

ICP inputs

Back 68

1. carries ascending input from the spinal cord to the anterior lobe
2. carries climbing fiber input from the inferior olive

Front 69

What two structures does the ICP connect

Back 69

cerebellum and medulla

Front 70

What is the largest peduncle?

Back 70

MCP

Front 71

MCP inputs

Back 71

carries input fibers from the pons to the cerebellum

Front 72

What two structures does the SCP connect?

Back 72

cerebellum and midbrain

Front 73

What is the primary output tract of the cerebellum?

Back 73

SCP

Front 74

What type of projections does the SCP have?

Back 74

ipsilateral

Front 75

Which cerebellar peduncle contains almost exclusively output fivers?

Back 75

SCP

Front 76

What activates cerebellar circuits?

Back 76

sensory input

Front 77

the inability to coordinate muscles during the execution of a voluntary movement

Back 77

ataxia

Front 78

Disorders of the flocconodular lobe

Back 78

cause loss of coordination of axial muscles; swaying

Front 79

_____ fiber afferents carrying proprioceptive information from the upper and lower extremities enter the anterior lobe through the ______

Back 79

mossy fiber afferents, ICP

Front 80

output of the vermal part of the anterior lobe

Back 80

influences the fastigial nucleus to control more proximal musculature via the ventromedial pathways

Front 81

output of the paranormal part of the anterior lobe

Back 81

influences the interposed nucleus to control upper limb flexors via the red nucleus

Front 82

Disorders of the anterior lobe

Back 82

result in loss of coordination, especially in the lower limbs

Front 83

Output projections from the dentate nucleus exit the cerebellum through the ____

Back 83

SCP (cross and then ascend to thalamus)

Front 84

Disorders of the posterior lobe

Back 84

1. ataxia
2. decreased muscle tone
3. dysmetira
4. dysdiadochokinesia

Front 85

undershooting or overshooting a target when trying to touch it

Back 85

dysmetria

Front 86

inability to perform rapid alternating movements

Back 86

dysdiadochokinesia

Front 87

What are the main causes of posterior lobe disorders?

Back 87

1. cerebrovascular accidents
2. tumors
3. trauma
4. degenerative disease

Front 88

Input projections of the posterior lobe synapse on ____

Back 88

ipsilateral pontine nuclei

Front 89

The projections of the _____ form the bulk of the middle cerebellar peduncle and ____

Back 89

pontine nuclei projections cross to form the MCP and mossy fiber projections

Front 90

deepest cortical layer of the cerebellar cortex

Back 90

granule cell layer

Front 91

Where are granule cells located?

Back 91

granule cell layer

Front 92

What is the function of granule cells?

Back 92

excite Purkinje cells

Front 93

output neurons of the cerebellar cortex that inhibit the deep nuclei

Back 93

purkinje cells

Front 94

What is the intermediate layer of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 94

The purkinje cell layer

Front 95

What is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 95

The molecular layer

Front 96

Purkinje cell bodies are located in the ____ layer and their dendrites are located in the ____ layer

Back 96

purkinje cell layer, molecular layer

Front 97

granule cell axons ascend to the ____ layer where they are referred to as ____

Back 97

molecular layer, parallel fibers

Front 98

____ cells run at 90 degrees to the cerebellar folia

Back 98

purkinje cells

Front 99

What are the two types of input fibers of the cerebellum?

Back 99

mossy fibers and climbing fibers

Front 100

consist of axons from pontine nuclei, spinocerebllar, and vestibulocerebellar tracts

Back 100

mossy fibers

Front 101

where are climbing fiber cell bodies located?

Back 101

inferior olive

Front 102

have excitatory (glutamate) input to granule cells and collateral input to deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 102

mossy fibers

Front 103

have excitatory (asparate) input to purkinje cells and collateral input to deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 103

climbing fibers

Front 104

How are parallel fibers activated?

Back 104

mossy fiber input