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125 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Associations
Philadelphia Association (1707)
Charleston Association (1751)
Sandy Creek Association (1758)
Warren Association (1767): first in New England
Kehukee Association (1769): North Carolina
Elkhorn Association (1785): Kentucky frontier
Morgan Edwards
Welsh; educated at Bristol College; pastored First Baptist Church of Philadelphia; became an evangelist; accused of drunkenness, universalism, lack of patriotism; helped found Rhode Island College.
Isaac Eaton
founded Hopewell Academy.
Hezekiah Smith
educated at Hopewell and Princeton; helped establish 86 churches in MA; chaplain to Washington’s troops; helped form MA Baptist Mission Society in 1802; helped establish churches in ME and NH.
James Manning
the first president of RI College.
Isaac Backus
Congregationalist turned Baptist; spokesman for religious liberty: Government and Liberty Described; and Ecclesiastical Tyranny Exposed, An Appeal to the People of the Massachusetts State Against Arbitrary Power; opposed tyranny of British and the established legislators.
John Leland
: preached in VA; The Rights of Conscience Inalienable: may have visited James Madison and discussed ten objections to the Constitution.
Rights of Conscience Inalienable
1) rights of conscience inalienable, (2) the establishment of religion by laws always damages religion, (3) real motives for establishment are not to benefit religion but to buttress the power of civil rulers and augment the purses of ambitious clergy;
John Gano
pastor of First Baptist Church of NYC; patriot credited with baptizing George Washington; pastored First Baptist Church of Providence.
IN THE SOUTH
IN THE SOUTH
Shubal Stearns
converted during Great Awakening; New Light Congregationalist, then Separate Baptist; moved with Marshall (see next) to Sandy Creek, NC.
Daniel Marshall
with Stearns, formed the first Separate Baptist church in the South in 1755.
Separate Baptists:
emotional style of preaching and worship; moderate Calvinism; nine rites (baptism, communion, foot-washing, laying hands, love feast, anointing sick, right hand of fellowship, kiss of charity, dedicating children); little formal education, opposed ministerial salaries; evangelistic invitation; allowed deaconesses and eldresses; women preachers were opposed by Regular Baptists. Contributions: brought Great Awakening to the South; evangelical stamp on American Protestantism; religious leadership on the frontier; contributed to the struggle of religious liberty; evangelized the blacks; prepared America for independence; numerical gains to the Baptist movement; antecedents to the SBC in doctrine, evangelism, worship and biblicism.
Union of Separate and Regular Baptists:
Regulars opposed the use of women and untrained men; manner of preaching; nine rites; strict social customs. Union formed; VA merged in 1787, NC in 1788; gradual, unofficial union in other states; Richard Furman helped the merge.
Divisions among Baptists:
Old Baptists: anti-revival, conservative in theology (Six Principle, Five Principle, Seventh Day).
German Seventh Day Baptists (Dunkards).
Freewill Baptists: first group to recognize and ordain women to preaching ministry.
Causes of Baptist fragmentation:
(1) soul liberty: individual Baptists reserved the right to interpret Scripture for themselves; (2) lack of creedal subscription; (3) polity: churches were autonomous and not subject to external controls; (4) geography: remote locations.
Freewill Baptists:
started in 1727 with the General Baptists named “Free-Willers,” emphasized freewill, footwashing and open communion; most churches became Regular through John Gano’s influence; 1807: only five Freewill churches left; 1830: turnaround, spread through NC and surrounding states; most became Disciples of Christ, Unitarianism, annihilationism. Benjamin Randall (1747-1808): Free Will Baptists. New Hampshire Free Will Baptists: larger role for women (single women to mission fields), opposed slavery, ordained blacks, practiced foot-washing. Some became Shakers, merged in 1911 with the NBC; the rest formed the Cooperative General Association of Free Will Baptists; in 1935 both groups formed the National Association of Free Will Baptists in Nashville, TN, which split in 1962.
BAPTISTS OF THE 19TH CENTURY
BAPTISTS OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Abraham Booth
An Apology for the Baptists (1778); strong Calvinist, believed in offering the Gospel to all.
Robert Hall
Arminian, rejected Gill’s Calvinism; 1815: “Terms of Communion.”
Joseph Kinghorn
Particular Baptist, but church began to drift toward open communion after his death, ended up in court over the matter.
Joseph Ivimey:
Life of Mr. John Bunyan (1814); A History of the English Baptists (1811-30); John Milton, His Life and Times (1833); defender of close communion; spoke out against slavery.
Close Communion
1) order of ordinances in the NT, (2) place of baptism in the Great Commission, (3) apostolic practice shows that baptism always came first, (4) most denominations agree on the order of the ordinances;
Open Comunion
(1) the two ordinances are not organically connected—no necessary connection between them, (2) urged from the obligation of brotherly love, (3) Scriptures enjoined Christian toleration of diverse opinions, (4) unnecessary division among believers is a scandal.
Robert Haldane
Wealthy Scottish Baptist; Robert financed missions.
James Haldane
wealthy Scottish Baptists; James preached,
Alexander Carson
Scottish Baptist
Arminianism
(1) predestination is conditional, not absolute; (2) the atonement is universal in intention; (3) man cannot of himself exercise a saving faith; (4) grace is not irresistible; (5) believers can fall from grace.
Andrew Fuller divided Calvinism into three divisions
(1) high (borders on antinomianism); (2) moderate (Baxterism (Amyraldism—see next)); (3) strict (Fuller’s view).
Amyraldism
four-point Calvinism, crypt-Arminianism by detractors.
Fullerism
free offer of the gospel, modern questions and duty faith.
Forrunners to high Calvinism:
Tobias Crisp (1600-1643): Christ Alone Exalted.
Joseph Hussey (1660-1726): God’s Operation of Grace but No Offers of His Grace; influenced Particular Baptist John Skepp.
William Huntington (1714-1813): independent dissenter, opponent of Andrew Fuller, moral law for unbelievers only.
John Skepp (1675-1721): pastor of Particular Baptist church started by Knollys; no formal education; The Divine Energy.
Tobias Crisp
Christ Alone Exalted.
Joseph Hussey
God’s Operation of Grace but No Offers of His Grace; influenced Particular Baptist John Skepp.
William Huntington
independent dissenter, opponent of Andrew Fuller, moral law for unbelievers only.
John Skepp
pastor of Particular Baptist church started by Knollys; no formal education; The Divine Energy
Hyper Calvinism
denial of free offer of the gospel, belief in eternal justification, rejection of duty faith, latent antinomianism (see next main point):
Hypers
John Gill represents this perspective.
John Brine (1703-1765): Particular Baptist with high view on the doctrines of grace, esteemed by Gill.
William Gadsby (1773-1844): started The Gospel Standard, well-known Baptist hymnwriter and compiler.
Prevailing Question: Should the apostolic pattern of preaching to the unconverted be followed by modern ministers?
John Charles Philpot (1802-1869): Particular Baptist, editor of The Gospel Standard.
James Wells (1803-1872): pastor of Surrey Tabernacle (half mile from Spurgeon’s Tabernacle).
John Brine
Particular Baptist with high view on the doctrines of grace, esteemed by Gill.
William Gadsby
started The Gospel Standard, well-known Baptist hymnwriter and compiler.
Prevailing Question:
Should the apostolic pattern of preaching to the unconverted be followed by modern ministers?
John Charles Philpot
Particular Baptist, editor of The Gospel Standard.
James Wells
pastor of Surrey Tabernacle (half mile from Spurgeon’s Tabernacle).
Antinomianism
(1) Sanctification is no evidence of justification; assurance of salvation is not based on sanctification; (2) primary evidence of justification is the witness of the HS; (3) faith is not a condition for justification but a consequence of it; (4) the sinner cannot prepare for justification by obedience and good works; (5) God does not see any sin in his justified children; (6) there is no use for the Law before or after conversion.
Charles Haddon Spurgeon
English Baptist, preached at the Metropolitan Tabernacle from 1861, against baptismal regeneration, starts The Sword and Trowel, Stockwell Orphanage (1867), voted out of Baptist Union (1888).
Downgrade Controversy
rise of biblical criticism prompted by Darwin’s 1859 On the Origin of the Species and Samuel Cox’s 1877 Salvator Mundi (which denied eternal punishment); Baptist Union votes for union with the Arminian New Connexion. Robert Shindler and Spurgeon opposed John Clifford (see next) and Samuel Harris Booth, who supported the union of Particulars with Generals.
John Clifford
social gospel; ecumenicalism; editor of The General Baptist; first president of the Baptist World Alliance from 1905-1911; influenced Baptist Union.
Alexander Maclaren
twice president of the Baptist Union, “Prince of the Expositors.”
MISSIONS AMONG AMERICAN BAPTISTS
MISSIONS AMONG AMERICAN BAPTISTS
Adoniram Judson
helped form the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; rejected infant baptism en route to Calcutta; new board, General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States (GMCBDUS), formed in 1814; English-Burmese dictionary; Bible translation by 1840; married thrice; 200,000 converts 100 years later; main endeavors were to establish a church among the local people and to translate the Bible into Burmese.
Luther Rice
travelled to India with Judson, returned to America to enlist Baptist help for their new mission.
George Hough
printed for Judson
The new mission board (GMCBDUS) met first in 1814, southern delegates favored a convention plan while northern states favored independent societies.
The new mission board (GMCBDUS) met first in 1814, southern delegates favored a convention plan while northern states favored independent societies.
Francis Wayland
pastored First Baptist of Boston, prominent northern Baptist but favored the plan of the South; cast the swing vote for a compromise; under his influence, the convention reverted completely to a society basis and moved from Philadelphia to Boston.
John Mason Peck
left Congregationalism for Baptist beliefs, met Luther Rice in 1815, launched The Pioneer.
Isaac McCoy
appointed by Triennial Convention to work among Miami Indians living along the Wabash River in Indiana; advocate for native rights and identity in his era.
Baptist Education
Baptist Education
College of Rhode Island
Founded in 1764 in Warren, RI
James Manning became 1st president
Columbian College
Columbian College
Jesse Mercer
Helped form GA Baptist Convention
Five Principle 19th Century American Debates
Anti-mission movement
Cambellite movement
Slavery
Landmark movementTheological Liberalism
The Rise of Anti-mission Movement
The Rise of Anti-mission Movement
Groups opposed to missions
Apple Creek Association
Wabash Association
Kehuckee Association
The Baltimore Association
Reasons for Anti-mission Growth
Excessive Calvinism
Rigid biblicism
Regional jealousy
Leaders in the Anti-mission Movement
Daniel Parker
John Taylor
Alexander Campbell
emphasized NT Christianity, free from denominations and creeds, ecumenical in nature – all who accept Jesus Christ and were immersed
the formation of the Am Baptist Anti-Slave Convention
1840
New Hampshire Baptists form NH Baptist Anti-slavery Society
New Hampshire Baptists form NH Baptist Anti-slavery Society
Richard Furman
President of Triennial Convention
Supported Slavery
Economically necessary
Morally justified
Triennial Convention - adopted a statement of neutrality
Triennial Convention - adopted a statement of neutrality
Georgia and Alabama Baptists tried to nominate missionaries who owned slave. They were rejected and a division formed among the Baptists
Georgia and Alabama Baptists tried to nominate missionaries who owned slave. They were rejected and a division formed among the Baptists
Formation of the SBC
1845
Reasons SBC was formed:
Disagreements on methodology
Problems in home missions work - they felt they did not receive their fair share of home missionaries
Slavery - the main issue
Formation of Southern Seminary
1859 in Greenville, SC
Moved to Louisville, KY in 1877
Original Faculty
John Albert Broadus
Basil Manly Jr.
William Williams
James Petigru Boyce
Theological Controversy
Crawford Howell Toy embraced higher criticism and liberalism while on faculty
Daniel Gordon Lyon replaced him but eventually followed Toy to Harvard
Basil Manly Jr. Returned to SBTS 1879 to fill void left by Toy’s departure
The Rise of Landmarkism
James Pendleton: Author of An Old Landmark Reset
James Robinson Graves: Used paper to advocate landmarkism
William Whitsitt: Author of Old Landmarkism and opposed Landmarkism as President of SBC
Benajah Carroll: Opposed Whitsitt
James Pendleton:
An Old Landmark Reset
James Robinson Grave
Used paper to advocate landmarkism
William Whitsitt
Author of Old Landmarkism and opposed Landmarkism as President of SBC
Benajah Carroll:
Opposed Whitsitt
Foundation of Baptist Union Seminary
Started by A.H. Strong with the financial backing of Rockefeller
Canada - First Stirings
1760 Ebenezer Moulton, a Baptist from MA, works in Nova Scotia
First Baptist Church of Canada
1778 in Wolfeville, NS under influence of Henry Alline (1748-84), a New Light evangelist
Baptist stirrings in the rest of Canada
Ontario by 1789; Manitoba,1883
Nova Scotia Education Society started
1828
Horton Academy
1829
Woodstock College in Ontario (1860);
its theological department moved to Toronto 1881 to become Toronto Baptist College;1887 the rest of Woodstock College went to Toronto, funded by banker/politician William McMaster and became McMaster University
Scotland
Sandemanianism
John Glas and Robert Sandeman, Glas’s son-in-law
Restorationist views – replication of NT views
No need for repentance or act of profession; gospel accepted through passive assent
Australia
Brits begin to settle in 1787
First Baptist Church in Sydney, 1831
Troubles over open membership / communion
South Africa
Baptists among immigrants that arrive in 1820 from England.
William Miller (1779-1856) chosen as leader
First chapel built in Grahamstown in 1823
First BMS missionary is William Davies who arrives in 1832
The Bantu Baptist Church in 1927 starts as an association of black churches (today the Baptist Convention of South Africa)
Baptists in Europe
In 1800 there were no Baptist churches in Europe. By 1850, there were 4,000 church members at 200k by 1900 (Leonard, 306)
Germany
Johann Gerhard Oncken
Raised a Lutheran, but came under the influence of the Haldanes.
Convinced of baptism by immersion in 1829
In 1835, the Triennial Convention agreed to fund Oncken as a church planter.
By Oncken’s death, Germany had 150 churches and 31,400 members
Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland were also reached by Oncken’s church planting efforts.
Jamaica
Prominent member of the BMS; anti-slavery advocate
Born Kettering but moved to Bristol at age 13
In 1824, offered himself to the BMS to serve in Jamaica to replace his brother Thomas who died there after only 4 months of service
The BMS had a policy at the time not to preach against slavery but Knibb found the slave owners antagonistic to evangelical religion
After the slaves revolted in Dec 1831, Knibb was arrested and charged with inciting insurrection
He returned to England and worked to persuade the British Baptists that slavery needed to be ended in the West Indies
In 1832, he was a chief antagonist that agitated for the Emancipation Act of August 1833
He returned to Jamaica in 1834 where he remained for the rest of his life
William G. Crocker
missionary to Liberia, died in the capital, Monrovia
Adoniram Judson Gordon
chairman of ABMU, influential Baptist leader; huge impact on missions: founded Boston Missionary Training Institute, advocated using women as evangelists and missionaries.
Alfred Saker
missionary to West Africa, translated the Bible into Douala.
George Grenfell
appointed by BMS to Cameroons, later to the Congo River; affair with Jamaican housekeeper, whom he later married; later worked from a mission steamer on the Congo, the Peace, establishing mission stations; believed sub-Saharan Africa to be especially important because of the juncture of Christianity and Islam.
Thomas Comber
worked in Cameroons with Grenfell, later by himself; later led first Baptist missionary party from England to the Congo; wife, brother, sister died; worked with Bakongo people.
WOMEN IN BAPTIST LIFE
WOMEN IN BAPTIST LIFE
Heniretta Hall Shuck
first American woman missionary to China; wife of Jehu Lewis Shuck who was sent by the Triennial Convention to China in 1885.
Lottie Moon
appointed by SBFMB to China.
Joanna P. Moore
worked with blacks in the South.
Nora Gordon
missionary to the Congo.
Helen Barrett Montgomery
associate of Susan B. Anthony in women’s rights movement; president of the WABHMS (see second under organizations below); The Centenary Translation of the New Testament (1924).
Suzanne Spurgeon
wife and mother; began book fund.
Marianne Hearn
hymnwriter
Anne Steele
3 volumes of poetry, 144 hymns, 34 psalms.
Women Organizations
Women’s Baptist Missionary Society (1874), later Women’s Baptist Foreign Missionary
Society.
The Women’s American Baptist Home Missionary Society (1877).
Female Mite Societies
Bible Women: indigenous women trained to work among their own women and children.
Benjamin Beddome
wrote a hymn every week
Samuel Stennett
“On Jordan’s Stormy Banks I Stand.”
Robert Robinson
“Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing.”
John Fawcett
“Blest be the Tie That Binds.”
Samuel Francis Smith
“America.”
John Rippon, Basil Manly, Baron Stowe: compiled hymnbooks.
William Williams
“Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah.
Joseph Henry Gilmore
“He Leadeth Me.”
BAPTIST LAYMEN
BAPTIST LAYMEN
Thomas Hollis
donated money, books, and Greek and Hebrew printing types to Harvard.
Nicolas Brown
treasurer of the College of Rhode Island, to which he gave $5000; it was later renamed Brown in 1804.
William Colgate
supporter of Baptist missions, education, and translation work.
Matthew Vassar
NY brewer and banker, president of Hudson River Railroad; helped open a college for girls in 1861; gave $400,000 during his lifetime and bequests of equal value.
William Bucknell
entrepreneur, trustee of University of Lewisburg, donated $268,000 to Bucknell University.
William McMaster
gave $12,000 to the Canadian Literary Institute, $100,000 to Toronto Baptist College; wife gave $60,000 to Jarvis Street Baptist Church.
John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
financier of Baptist work, especially education.
John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
$35 million to University of Chicago; funded the NBC up to 9% of total budget until 1935; with his father, over a half billion to philanthropy.
Laura Spelman Rockefeller
wife of JDR, gave to Spelman Seminary.
MAJOR ISSUES IN BAPTIST LIFE
Polity: pastor/elder plurality; baptism: alien immersion?; communion: open, close, closed?
Theology: Calvinism/Arminianism; Liberalism/Fundamentalism (in the Baptist Union, the NBC, the SBC).