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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lysis
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The disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane
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Transformation
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The transfer of genetic info from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium through the uptake of exogenous DNA fragments
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Conjugation
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the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium (donor) to another (recipient) by means of an F pilus
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F factor
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responsible for the production of an F pilus and the transfer of genetic material to the recipient
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F’ factor
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an autonomous F factor which is carrying a few or many bacterial genes
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Autonomous state
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F factor replicates and can be transferred to other bacteria independently of the bacterial chromosome
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Integrated state
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F factor is integrated into the bacterial chromosome to produce a specialized donor cell designated as Hfr (high frequency of recombination)
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Partial diploid or merodiploid
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bacteria that contain 2 copies of one or more genes
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sexduction
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the transferring of F’ factors to F- bacterial cells. Can produce bacterial strains that are partial diploids
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bacteriophages
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viruses that infect bacteria and reproduce inside it
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virulent phages
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type of bacteriophage that use bacterial host cell to produce progeny phage and always lyse the host bacterial cell
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temperate phages
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Type of bacteriophage also lyses bacteria, however, when phage enters a lysogenic life cycle, it can integrate its DNA into the bacterial chromosome
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Transduction
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the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another with the bacteriophage serving as the vector
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co-transduced
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genes that are linked are often transduced together
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Generalized transduction
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any part of the bacterial chromosome can be mispackaged into a phage and bring about transduction
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lysogen
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bacteria with phage DNA integrated within the bacterial chromosome
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prophage
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the integrated phage DNA in the genome of a bacterium
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Specialized Transduction
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only the genes adjacent to the phage’s specific insertion site can be transferred
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Auxotroph
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a mutant organism that requires a particular addition nutrient that the normal strain does not
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plasmid
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a genetic structure in the cell that can replicate independently of chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium.
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polyploid
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any organism with more than 2N chromosome
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ploidy
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the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism
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monoploid
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having only one set of chromosomes
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autopolyploidy
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the organism has identical sets of chromosomes, with the extra set or sets originating within the species. Most with odd number of chromosome sets are infertile b/c of pairing problems during synapsis
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allopolyploidy
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the chromosome complement consists of non-identical sets of chromosomes derived from different species. May be formed when 2 species interbreed and contribute sets of chromosomes to a zygote
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pseudo-dominance
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the unexpected phenotypic expression of a recessive allele can occur as a consequence of a deletion of the dominant allele from the homologous chromosome
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multi-gene families
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duplications have created multiple genes with related functions
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gene amplification
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the multiple replication of a section of the genome, which occurs during a single cell cycle and results in the production of many copies of a specific sequence of the DNA molecule
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inversion
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arise when 2 breaks occur in a chromosome, the release segment flips and is reinserted back into the chromosome
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pericentric inversion
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if the inverted segment contains centromere
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paracentric inversion
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if the inverted segment does not contain centromere
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position effect
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gene expression is affected if chromosomal rearrangements lead to a change in the genes environment
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translocations
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involve the exchange of chromosome parts between non-homologous chromosomes
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proto-oncogenes
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involved in the control of the cell cycle. When these genes are translocated they can show an altered level of expression which can lead to runaway cell division and cancer
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Reciprocal translocations
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involve a mutual exchange of segments between 2 non-homologous chromosomes
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Robertsonian translocation
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involves breakage in the very short arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes (13, 14, 21), followed by the fusion of the long arms into a single metacentric chromosome. This process is known as centric fusion.
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unidirectional or nonreciprocal translocation
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one-way movement of part of a chromosome to another
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colchicine
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Causes chromosome doubling
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parthenogenesis
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The production of an embryo from an unfertilized egg. Common in insects (male honey bee)
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Aneuploidy
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Change in the number of one or more chromosomes. Does not affect a whole chromosome set.
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prototroph
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wildtype bacterial mutant
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Nullisomy
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loss of a pair of chromosomes, lethal in diploids
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Monosomy
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missing one chromosome, can disturb normal cell function
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Trisomy
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Possesion of an extra chromosome. May result in abnormality or death. Occurs in human chromosomes 13, 18, 21
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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47 chromosomes, 3/4 are XXY, can also have XXXY, XXXXY etc.
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Down Syndrome
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Trisomy 21. Main cause is meiotic nondisjunction
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Familial Down’s
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5% of causes of Downsyndrome are cuase by this Robertsonial translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21
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telomeric
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Centromere located at the end of a chromosome
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acrocentric
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Centromere is located off-center
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Metacentric
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Centromere is located in the middle
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Sub-terminal Deletion
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Deletion that occurs near the end of a chromosome. But not at very end, that would mean loss of telomere and degraded chromosome.
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Interstitial Deletion
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Deletion that occurs in the arm of the chromosomes
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Cri-du-chat syndrome
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Sub-terminal deletion of chromosome 5
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Duplication
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A chromosomal mutation that results in doubling or a chromosomal segment
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Tandem duplication
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DNA is copied in the same direction
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Reversed Duplication
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DNA is copied in reverse order
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Non-homologous-end joining (NHEJ)
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A recombination-based DNA break mechanism that does not require homologous sequences, but may exploit "mircohomology"
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Homologous recombination (HR)
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A recombination-based DNA break repair mechanism that causes an exchange of genetic information between 2 similar or identical DNA sequences
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Burkitt’s lymphoma
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Translocation between antibody gene and c-myc proto-oncogene. Affected cells produce high levels of c-myc protein.
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Chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML and CML)
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Translocation forms the philadelphia chromosome (t:9/22). BCR/ABL fusion protein generated.
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Rb (retinoblastoma), p53, Brca1 and Brca2
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tumor supressor genes that need to be present in 2 copies for normal growth control
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Mutation
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Varies among loci and species; can be increased by mutator genes and environmental factors. Generates new alleles in population but usually very slowly.
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Non-random mating
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Most individuals do not mate randomly- they look for certain traits in their partners.
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immigration
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alter gene pool if incoming individuals are large in number and have different alleles
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migration
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increases population size and reduces genetic divergence among populations
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Genetic Drift
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A fortuitous change in genetic makeup of a populations that may arise when the population becomes restricted in size
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founder effect
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a new population is established by a small number of breeding individuals with a restricted gene pool
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Balanced Natural Selection
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maintenance of genetic variation, slow change, intermediate values of a trait are favored
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Directional Natural Selection
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overall decrease in genetic diversity; quick change in phenotype, favored allele increased; disfavored reduced but not eliminated, sometimes extremes of a trait are favored
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Continuous traits (or continuous variation)
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very common, phenotypic variation exhibited by certain traits that very from one extreme to another
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Discontinuous phenotype
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Distinct phenotypes
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threshold trait
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trait that is manifested discontinuously, but that is a function of underlying continuous genetic and environmental variation
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Polygenic Inheritance (or polygenic traits)
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Multiple genes are involved in determining complex traits
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Heritability
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Proportion of a populations phenotypic variation that is attributable to genetic factors
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Heritability
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Used to examine the relative contributions of genes and environment to variation in a specific trait
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Broad-sense heritability
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the proportion of total phenotypic variability attributable to total gene effects
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Narrow-sense heritability
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the proportion of total phenotypic variability attributable to additive gene effects
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Familial traits
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shared characteristics because individuals share the same environment and/or genes
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Multifactorial traits
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Polygenic traits that are influenced by both genes and environmental factors
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Quantitative traits
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Phenotypes of individuals are represented by numbers. Usually governed by many genes (polygenic traits)
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Variance
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The measurement of how much the individual measurements spread out around the mean.
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Turners Syndrome
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Monosomy X, absence of an entire sex chromosome
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