Baddeley Et Al. (2009). Memory, Chp.8: Retrieval

Front 1

Retrieval

Back 1

The use of cues to recover and bring to consciousness a target memory.

Front 2

Activation level

Back 2

The level of which a memory is accessible due to attention on associated cues. Increasing ease of retrieval.

Front 3

Encoding specific principle

Back 3

The higher the specificity of a cue with a memory the higher the likelihood/ease of retrieval.

Front 4

Retrieval mode

Back 4

Episodic memory: We have to be thinking of the 'right time' for retrieval. Association: Right Prefrontal Cortex.

Front 5

Context cues

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Retrieval cues pertaining to the conditions during encoding or decoding; such as spatial or temporal contexts.

Front 6

Direct/explicit memory

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Episodic memory: Conscious retrieval of a target memory dependent on contextual cues.

Front 7

Direct/explicit memory tests

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The retrieval of particular episodic memories requiring contextual cues.

Front 8

Memory test-type: Free recall

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Direct/explicit, "Recall studied items in any order."

Front 9

Memory test-type: Cued recall

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Direct/explicit, "What word did you study together with leap?"

Front 10

Memory test-type: Forced-choice recognition

Back 10

Direct/explicit, "Which did you study: ballet or monk?"

Front 11

Memory test-type: Yes/no recognition

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Direct/explicit, "Did you study ballet?"

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Indirect/implicit memory

Back 12

The retrieval of a memory which lacks any contextual cues. Relating to 'General knowledge'.

Front 13

Indirect/implicit memory tests

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Requires subject to recall associated memories and logically deduce the answer. General knowledge testing.

Front 14

Memory test-type: Lexical decision

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Indirect/implicit, "Is ballet a word? Is mokn a word?"

Front 15

Memory test-type: Word fragment completion

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Indirect/implicit, "Fill in the missing letters to form a word: b-l-e-."

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Memory test-type: Word stem completion

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Indirect/implicit, "Fill in the missing letters with anything that fits: bal."

Front 17

Memory test-type: Conceptual fluency

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Indirect/implicit, "Name all the dance types you can."

Front 18

Repetition priming

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Indirect/implicit: enhanced level of activation due to repeated exposure to a cue.

Front 19

Context-dependent memory

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Memory benefits when context cues are the same during decoding as they were during encoding.

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Mood-congruent memory

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The contextual cue of mood has been shown to improve all memories with the same associated mood.

Front 21

Mood-dependent memory

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Similarity between the mood during encoding and mood during decoding results in higher retrieval.

Front 22

Reconstructive Memory

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An active retrieval process by which gaps are filled based on background knowledge.

Front 23

Recognition memory

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Episodic memory: The process which allows us to decide whether we have encountered a stimulus in a particular context before.

Front 24

Signal theory

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Similar to Activation Level, if the stimulus does not ascertain enough signal strength, exceeding a particular level then the stimulus is deemed 'new'.

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Familiarity-based recognition

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Indirect/implicit: fast and automated recognition of stimuli based on its signal strength.

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Recollection

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Direct/explicit: The deliberate recognition of a memory based upon the retrieval of contextual cues.

Front 27

Dual-process theories of recognition

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Recognition includes both indirect, (fast) and direct (slow) processes, both familiarity and recollection processes.

Front 28

Remember/know procedure

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Tests meant to gauge whether participants are retrieving memories through indirect or direct processes. Based on whether stimuli has contextual information or is simply familiar.

Front 29

Process dissociation procedure (PDP)

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Two groups. One asked to recall both visual and oral stimuli. Other asked only the oral. Any visual stimuli recalled by the other group has been mistaken for oral (recall based on familiarity).

Front 30

Sourcing monitoring

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Process of determining the contextual origins of a memory in order to better categorize consciously.