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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are properties in all microbial cells?
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Compartmentalization, metabolism, growth, evolution
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What are properties in some microbial cells?
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Motility, differentiation (spores), communication
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What is differentiation?
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synthesis of new substances/structures that modifies cell (ex. sporulation)
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what is sporulation
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example of differentiation, stress response causes genetic changes in cell
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what are 2 functions of cells?
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1. Genetic function (txn, translation, replication)
2. Catalytic function make ATP using enzymes |
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what is LUCA
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last universal common ancestor, from which all cells descended
gave rise to 3 domains |
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which 2 domains make up the greatest amount of genetic diversity?
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Bacteria & Archaea
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which domains of life are prokaryotes?
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Bacteria & Archaea
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how can microorganisms be genetically engineered to benefit humans?
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Alter genes to increase production of metabolism product
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example of a useful chemical that microorganisms can produce?
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Oxygen/nitrogen
ethanol- 10 % of oil in US supplied by fermentation of corn |
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What did Robert Koch contribute?
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linked microorganisms to infectious disease, developed Koch postulates, developed plating techniques to isolate pure colonies
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What are Koch's postulates?
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rules to determine if microorganisms are involved with disease
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Louis Pasteur-disproving Spontaneous generation experiment
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-describe
no spontaneous generation unless contamination occurs(sterile liquid will not putrefy unless flask is tipped) |
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What are limitations of Koch's postulates?
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animal models not always available (in experiment, suspected pathogen must be isolated and cause disease in healthy animal)
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What is the enriched culture technique?
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only provide nutrients that specific bacteria can use, selective for the bacteria that can survive in medium
(ex. nitrogen fixing bacteria on plate lacking N2) |
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What is chemolithotrophy?
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use minerals as source of food, only microorganisms can do chemolitotrophy!
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What is resolution?
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The ability to distinguish 2 adjacent objects as separate & distinct
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What is resolution determined by?
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wavelength of light used, numerical aperture of lens
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color of Gram+ bacteria
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purple after staining
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color of Gram- bacteria
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red after staining
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what type of cells do electron microscopy visualize?
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dead cells
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What types of microscopy allows visualization of live cells?
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Phase Contrast Microscopy
Dark field microscopy |
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what types of microscopy only visualizes dead cells?
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transmission electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy |
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what are differences between eukaryotic & prokaryotes?
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prokaryotes: no membrane bound nucleus, generally smaller
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How many genes does Escherica coli genome contain?
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4,300 genes
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what is evolution?
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populations evolve result of genetics and ecology
* Individual cells/organisms do not evolve |
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Which domain is closet to eukarya?
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archaea has closer related DNA sequences
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What are chemoorganotrophs?
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obtain energy from oxidation of organic molecules
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what are phototrophs?
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have pigments that use light as energy source
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What are autotrophs?
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Primary producers, use CO2 as carbon source (carbon fixation)
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What are heterotrophs?
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feed on autotrophs/ by product of autotroph
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what is the largest phylum of bacteria?
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Proteobacteria (gram neg)
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Archaea consists of which 2 domains?
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Euryarchaeota:
Crenarchaeota: hyperthermophiles |
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What are protists?
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Algae, protozoa
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Algae, fungi ad protozoa are part of which domain?
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Eukarya
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