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130 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the morphology of Pseudomonas?
-gram negative rod
-oxidase positive
-motile (not as motile as proteus)
Which is more motile - pseudomonas or proteus?
proteus
What is the atmospheric condition of Pseudomonas?
-obligate aerobe
What species of pseudomonas has significant veterinary importance?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-isolation of any other pseudomonas spp arises from contamination
Where does pseudomonas aeruginosa live?
-ubiquitous in the environment
-lives in soil and water (loves moist conditions)
-occurs in feces, skin and mucus membranes of normal animals
-can survive in weird places - old disinfectants, mastitis preparations, semen extenders, "sterile" water for injection, medical equipment
How do animals acquire pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?
-environmental exposure is constant because they are ubiquitous
-therefore, infections are secondary to compromised hosts (need underlying injury or damage to the eye to get disease)
What kind of pathogen is P. aeruginosa?
-opportunistic -> need significant host compromise to cause disease
-it is a POOR pathogen
What is associated with P. aeruginosa?
-superinfections b/c of widespread antibiotic resistance
Infection with P. aeruginosa most OFTEN occurs when what two things happen?
(1) there is an underlying disease
(2) disruption of normal flora and other pathogens causing current infection (prolonged antimicrobial therapy)
Unless WHAT occurs, you will not resolve P. aeruginosa infections.
-unless underlying factors allowing disease are resolved
What are the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa?
(1) pyocyanins and fluoroscein
(2) exotoxins A, S, and T and hemolysins - kills cells, esp. phagocytes
(3) endotoxin
(4) pili-required for adherence
(5) collagenase, elastase - breaks down collagen
In animals with P. aeruginosa infections, pyocyanins and fluoroscein do what?
-kills cells and damages tissue
-causes green colouration of colonies
Collagenase and elastase, a virulence factor of P. aeruginosa, are part of what disease process?
-breaks down collagen - > melting ulcercs
-also damages blood vessels, skin
Does isolation of a P. aeruginosa bacterium mean that it is significant?

What would you do in this case?
no, b/c is is frequently a contaminant

-careful examination of the history and clinical signs, appropriate methods of sample collection, and repeated isolation in pure culture help indicate pathogenicity
What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: DOGS?
-otitis externa
-cystitis - chronic infections with underlying cause
What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: HORSES?
-endometritis - chronic and often secondary to underlying problems (poor conformation, A/B therapy)
What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: SHEEP?
green wool
What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: COWS?
-mastitis (secondary to A/B therapy)
What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: FARMED MINK and CHINCILLAS?
-abscesseas
-pneumonia/septicemia
What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: SNAKES?
-necrotic stomatitis
What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: ALL SPECIES?
-abscesses
-wound infections (esp. burns)
Why does P. aeruginosa love wound infections?
-b/c it loves moist environments and burn wounds have lots of exudation
What is the primary way the host gets rid of P. aeruginosa infections?
-antibody mediated plays a primary role in clearing infections and neutralizing antibodies to: pili, LPS surface antigens
How do you diagnose P. aeruginosa infections?
-with care b/c:

it is a common contaminant and in order to place any significance on an isolation, it must be:

-collected in an appropriate fashion from actual site of infection
-must be evidence of inflammation
-GOOD if there is evidence of bacteria and inflammation together
-infectious process can be caused by P. aeruginosa
How do you treat P. aeruginosa infections?
-with difficulty
-often respond poorly to antimicrobial therapy b/c of widespread resistance therefore MUST sensitivity test
-must ALSO treat underlying host compromise
How do you treat wounds of P. aeruginosa?
-get rid of necrotic tissue
-drying out is important
How do you control pseudomonas infections?
you don't because they are poor pathogens and opportunistic
What are the 6 bacteria that are part of the pasterellacea family?
-pasteurella
-mannheimia
-francisella
-actinobacillus
-haemophilus
-taylorella
What type of bacteria are pasteurella and mannheimia?
-gram negative rods
-oxidase positive (important for differentiation from Enterobacteriaceae)
-non-motile
What type of staining do pasteurella and mannheimia have?
-bipolar staining
Of Mannheimia and Pasterurella, which one is hemolytic?

-What media do they grow on?
-mannheimia - hemolytic

-MacConkey's
Where do Mannheimia and Pasteruella come from (habitat)?
-normal flora of mucus membranes of the oral and nasal cavities (upper respiratory and upper GIT tracts)
If Mannheimia and Pasteruella are normal flora of mucus membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, what type of infections do they cause?
-endogenous
-therefore disease is opportunistic (requires some stressor or other agent to get disease production)
What is a classical stressor in feedlot cattle for getting pasteurella/mannheimia?
transportation --> shipping fever (pneumonia)
What are other risk factors (other than transportation) for animals to develop pneumonia from pasteruella/mannheimia?
-age (young)
-co-mingling
-crowding or indoors
-other infections (viral)
-poor weather
What strain of Pasterurella are NOT normally part of the normal flora and therefore bacteria are better pathogens?

What two diseases does this organism cause?
P. multocida

-P. multocidia capsule type A cause Fowl Cholera

-P. multocidia capsule types B and E cause Bovine Hemorrhagic Septicemia
What type of Pasteruella is rarely isolated from infections and is therefore a poor pathogen?
P. aeruginosa
What is the difference in treating good pathogens vs. poor pathogens?
good pathogens-address bacteria in treatment

poor pathogens - address predisposing factors in treatment
How do animals acquire Pasteruella and Mannheimia infections?
-most occur in sites NEAR where these bacteria occur as part of the normal flora
-therefore transmission is by either:
(1) INHALATION
(2) DIRECT INOCULATION
What are the four virulence factors associated with Pasteurella and Mannheimia?
(1) pilli
(2) capsule
(3) endotoxin
(3) exotoxin
How many capsule types does P. multocidia have?
5 - associated with specific diseases
Describe the exotoxin of P. multocidia, type D.
-heat labile exotoxin
-dermatonecrotic, cytotoxin and osteolytic
-plays a role in lesions produced in atrophic rhinitis of pigs
Describe the exotoxin of M. haemolytica.
-produces an RTX toxin (a family of toxins)
-leucotoxin and haemolysis
-specific for bovine WBCs
-produces much of the tissue damage
What are the four GENERAL categories that Pasteurella normally fit into?
(1) Rhinitis
(2) Bronchopneumonia
(3) Bite wound infections
(4) Septicemia
Where are infections of Pasteurella and Mannheimia occur - what part of the world?
world wide, they are a significant cause of economic losses
Are strains of P. multocidia that cause septicemia normally present as normal flora?
no-present as carriers and DO NOT require much host compromise
What two diseases does Septicemia caused by Pasteurella cause?
(1) Bovine Hemorrhagic Septicemia
(2) Fowl Cholera
Where does Bovine Hemorrhagic Septicemia caused by P. multocidia types B and E occur?
exotic to US
In fowl cholera caused by P. multocidia type A, where is swelling normally seen? What other signs do you see?
-swelling in the comb and wattle
-can get large outbreaks of disease
-diarrhea and severe respiratory infections (high mortality)
What is the MOST important disease caused by Pasteurella and/or Mannheimia?

Why and in what species?
-respiratory disease --> causes pneumonia in a wide range of animal species

-particularly important (economically) in ruminants
What is a common name given to respiratory disease in cattle as a result of Pasteurella and Mannheimia?
-Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex/Shipping Fever

-but also affects horses and sheep
What kind of lesions are seen with shipping fever (caused by pasteurella and mannheimia)?
-severe, fibrinous, hemorrhagic lobar pneumonia
-fibrinopurulent exudate in airways
What other surprising animal also has a big problem with getting respiratory disease as a result of Pasteurella?
rabbit
What type of animal does atrophic rhinitis caused by Pasteurella occur in?

What bacteria are involved?
-disease of young pigs (3-7 weeks)

-combined effects of P. multocidia type D AND Bordetella bronchiseptica
Both P. multocidia type D and Bordetella bronchiseptica cause atrophic rhiniits in the young pig. What is each of their roles in causing disease?
B. bronchiseptica - causes the initial damage to nasal mucosa

P. multocidia type D have a dermonecrotic toxin that causes bone resorption of bony turbinates and suppresses osteoid synthesis adjacent to inflamed area
What is the end result of atrophic rhinitis in the pig?
-results in destruction of turbinates and conchal bones of the snout
What will you see clinically with atrophic rhinitis?
-sneezing
-epistaxis
-and facial distortion
When wound infections result in Pasteurella infections, what other bacteria may be involved?
-strict anaerobes
Do dog or cat bite infections more often cause infections from Pasteurella? Why?
cats
- type of wounds and skin of cats
-species of Pasteurella in cat's mouths
How do you diagnose Pasteruella in a bite wound infection/
-FNA and cytology/culture
How do you treat Pasteurella from bite wound infections?
-DRAINAGE
-treatment with antibiotics (maybe)
What specific diseases do Mannheimia haemolytica cause?
(1) shipping fever in cattle (w/ or w/o P. multocida)
(2) Enzootic pneumonia in sheep and goats
(3) necrotising mastitis in ewes (blue bag) due to leucotoxin
(4) septicemia in lambs
What did M. haemolytica used to be called?
-P. haemolytica biotype A
M. haemolytica causes necrotising mastitis in ewes.
What is another name for this and what causes the blue?
-blue bag
-due to leucotoxin
Does P. multocidia cause enzootic pneumonia in sheep and goats?
NO
What was the old name for Prancisella tularensis?
Pasterurella spp
What transmits Francisella?
ticks (also through wounds, ingestion, inhalation)

-wildlife are reservoirs - endemic in US
What type of parasite are Francisella tularensis?
facultative intracellular parasite
How is Tularemia normally observed?
lymphadenitis, hepatitis, septicemia (maybe)
Both Pasteurella and Mannheimia are extracellular bacteria, therefore what is the primary role of how the host gets rid of infections?
-antibody mediated immunity
What type of antibiotics would you use to treat Pasteurella and Mannheimia infections?
-increases resistance in ruminants therefore require sensitivity testing

-antibiotics of choice for other animals include penicillin to treat pasteurella
What is the key to controlling Bovine Respiratory Disease?
management
What test would you consider when you hear decreased gut sounds and have an increased temperature?
abdominocentesis
Do you have to see bacteria in abdominal fluid for it to be considered a septic infection?
no-can have a very high cell count
Actinobacillus and Haemophilus are part of the pasteurellaceae family. What features do they share with the other pasteurellacease members?
-small gram negative coccobaccili to rods
-faculttatively anaerobic (though, like CO2)
-oxidase positive
What atmospheric environment do Actinobacciluus and Haemophilus like?

-Are they easy or hard to grow? What may be required for growth?
-Facultatively anerobic, but like COs

-Harder to culture - require X and or V factors to grow
Where do Actinobacillus come from?
-Normal Flora
-oral cavity and GIT
-URT (A. pleuropneumoniae)
-Genital tract (A. suis)
Where do Haemophilus, Histophilus come from?
-Normal Flora
-oral cavity
-URT
-genital tract (H. somni)
Where do Taylorella come from?
-genital tract
-carriers only
What is important to note about Actinobacillus, Haemophilus and Taylorella in the Pasteurellaceae family?
-infections are endogenous
-infections tend to be species specific and are less common than other Pasteruellaceae as montly weaker pathogens
-bacteria tend to be associated with specific disease syndromes
How do most animals acquire Actinobacillus, Haemophilus or Taylorella infections?
-occur in sites NEAR where these bacteria reside (normal flora or carrier)
-therefore, transmission is via:
(1) INHALATION
(2) DIRECT INOCULATION - local site (venereal) or systemic
How do Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Taylorella cause disease?
(1) pili
(2) capsule
(3) Fe acquisition
(4) urease
(5) protease
(6) IgG binding
(7) Endotoxin
(8) Exotoxin!
**Different bacteria have different toxins (endotoxin and RTX toxins)
What type of exotoxin does Actinobacillus spp produce?
-RTX toxin-->
-call in PMNs
-leucotoxin and haemolysin (produce a lot of tissue damage and vary in their toxicity between species)
What bacteria causes wooden tongue?
A. lignieresii
What disease does A. lignieresii cause?
-in what species?
-wooden tongue

-in ruminants (cattle/sheep)
What clinical signs do you see with wooden tongue caused by A. lignieresii?
-see multiple pyogranulomatous abscessess (chronic) predominately in the head and neck and tongue
-draining tracts
How is A. lignieresii introduced to cause wooden tongue?
trauma
What do the abscesses of wooden tongue have in them?
-abscesses contain thick, viscous pus together with sulfur granules or club colonies
What are the two subspecies of Actinobacillus equuli?

What animals do they infect?
(1) ss equuli (horses and pigs)
(2) ss hemolyticus (horses only)
What three diseases does Actinobacillus equuli cause?
(1) sleepy foal disease
(2) spontaneous peritonitis
(3) pneumonia and pleuropneumonia
What is sleepy foal disease? How is it manifested and what bacteria causes it?
-septicemia in neonatal foals
-localization in other sites (kidney)

-caused by Actinobacillus equuli
What another organisms may act with Actinobacillus equuli to cause pneumonia and pleuropneumonia?
-Streptococcus spp
-Pasteruella spp
What is a risk factor for the development of Actinobacillus infections?
-a poor anthelmintic regimen
-parasites like S. vugaris can carry the bacteria into the bloodstream
What species is A. pleuropneumoniae a predominant pathogen in?
-pigs
Is A. pleuropneumoniae normal flora of pigs?
no - in carriers
What is required for growth of A. pleuropneumoniae?
-V factor
What bacteria is of particular economic importance in young grower and finisher pigs?
A. pleuropneumoniae
What factors predisposes pigs to getting A. pleuropneumoniae?
-crowding, poor ventilation
-b/c transmission is through ventilation
What are the clinical signs of A. pleuropneumoniae?
-severe fibrinous pneumonia and pleuritis
What are the gross lesions of A. pleuropneumoniae?
-hemorrhagic and necrotic
What are the virulence factors of A. pleuropneumoniae?
(1) capsule
(2) endotoxin
(3) 4 RTX exotoxins - directly responsible for the hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions seen in swine pleuropneumonia
(4) adhesins
What disease does Actinobacillus suis cause?
-septicemia (invasion via the respiratory tract)
What are the clinical signs/gross lesions in piglets that have Actinobacillus infections?
-piglets are febrile, have respiratory distress, neurological symptoms and death
-endocarditis, pericarditis, edema, and petechia throughout organs may occur
What is the difference in lesions between young and old pigs that get Actinobacillus suis infections?
older pigs have more localized lesions (arthritis, pneumonia, and abscesses)
What is the age of pigs to get Actinobacillus suis infections?
1-8 weeks old
Are Haemophilus parasuis infections host specific? If so to what species and why?
Yes - to pigs because of iron acquisition mechanisms
What two diseases are associated with Haemophilus parasuis?
-Biotype II is associated with disease
(1) Bronchopneumonia
(2) Glasser's Disease
What is broncopneumonia associated with Haemophilus parasuis infections secondary to?
to viral/mycoplasma infections
What is Glasser's Disease?

What bacteria causes it?
-septicemia and polyserositis in young, weaned pigs
-associated with stress

-caused by Haemophilus parasuis
What species is Histophilus somni a pathogen of?

Where does it hang out in this species?
cows

-normal flora of the genital tract and less commonly respiratory tract
How does Histophilus somni invade the body?
-invades and disseminates via the bloodstream and localizes at other sites (brain, lungs, reproductive tract)
What diseases does Histophilus somni cause?
(1) Respiratory Disease (BRDC)
(2) Thromboembolic Menigoencephalitis (TEME
(3) Reproductive Failure (abortion and infertility)
(4) Others (myocarditis, arthritis)
What generally occurs with Histophilus somni infections?
-thrombo-embolism
What disease does Avibacterium paragallinarum cause?
Fowl (infectious) coryza
What bacteria causes fowl coryza?
avibacterium (H) paragallinarum
What species does infectious coryza, caused by acibacterium paragallinarum occur in?
chickens
What clinical signs do you see with infectious coryza in chickens?
-inflammation of turbinates and sinus epithelium
-air sacculitus
What disease does Taylorella equigenitalis cause?
Contagious equine metritis
What bacteria causes CEM in mares?
Taylorella equigenitalis
How is CEM transmitted?
via carrier stallions
What is CEM?
-an acute, supperative disease of the uterus, cervix and vaginia of mares
-causes temporary infertility - usually with complete recovery
How is CEM caused by Taylorella equigenitalis cured?
-it is self-limiting
How does the host get rid of infections in cases of A. lignieresii?
-cell mediated immunity
What plays a role in clearing most infections associated with Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, ect...?
-antibody mediated
-antibodies to: leukotoxin, capsule, LPS, adherence factors, surface antigens
Neutralizing antibodies to leukotoxin in antibody mediated immunity is critical in what type of bacterial infection?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
What is the antibiotic of choice to treat Actinobacillus and Haemophilus?
penicillin
What would you use to treat A. lignieresii infections?
-Sodium iodide IV or intralesional
Other than penicillin, how could you treat Actinobacillus and Haemophilus infections?
use ampicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracycline
What may you want to so if animals with Actinobacillus of Haemophilus infections are not responsive to treatment?
sensitivity testing
What is an important way, other than vaccines, to control Actinobacillus, and Haemophilus infections?
-management
-control stressors
-prevent feeding coarse feedstuffs
-intentional exposure (H. parasuis)
-vaccination of mothers to induce maternal antibodies