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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the morphology of Pseudomonas?
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-gram negative rod
-oxidase positive -motile (not as motile as proteus) |
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Which is more motile - pseudomonas or proteus?
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proteus
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What is the atmospheric condition of Pseudomonas?
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-obligate aerobe
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What species of pseudomonas has significant veterinary importance?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-isolation of any other pseudomonas spp arises from contamination |
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Where does pseudomonas aeruginosa live?
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-ubiquitous in the environment
-lives in soil and water (loves moist conditions) -occurs in feces, skin and mucus membranes of normal animals -can survive in weird places - old disinfectants, mastitis preparations, semen extenders, "sterile" water for injection, medical equipment |
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How do animals acquire pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?
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-environmental exposure is constant because they are ubiquitous
-therefore, infections are secondary to compromised hosts (need underlying injury or damage to the eye to get disease) |
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What kind of pathogen is P. aeruginosa?
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-opportunistic -> need significant host compromise to cause disease
-it is a POOR pathogen |
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What is associated with P. aeruginosa?
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-superinfections b/c of widespread antibiotic resistance
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Infection with P. aeruginosa most OFTEN occurs when what two things happen?
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(1) there is an underlying disease
(2) disruption of normal flora and other pathogens causing current infection (prolonged antimicrobial therapy) |
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Unless WHAT occurs, you will not resolve P. aeruginosa infections.
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-unless underlying factors allowing disease are resolved
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What are the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa?
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(1) pyocyanins and fluoroscein
(2) exotoxins A, S, and T and hemolysins - kills cells, esp. phagocytes (3) endotoxin (4) pili-required for adherence (5) collagenase, elastase - breaks down collagen |
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In animals with P. aeruginosa infections, pyocyanins and fluoroscein do what?
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-kills cells and damages tissue
-causes green colouration of colonies |
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Collagenase and elastase, a virulence factor of P. aeruginosa, are part of what disease process?
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-breaks down collagen - > melting ulcercs
-also damages blood vessels, skin |
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Does isolation of a P. aeruginosa bacterium mean that it is significant?
What would you do in this case? |
no, b/c is is frequently a contaminant
-careful examination of the history and clinical signs, appropriate methods of sample collection, and repeated isolation in pure culture help indicate pathogenicity |
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What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: DOGS?
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-otitis externa
-cystitis - chronic infections with underlying cause |
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What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: HORSES?
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-endometritis - chronic and often secondary to underlying problems (poor conformation, A/B therapy)
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What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: SHEEP?
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green wool
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What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: COWS?
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-mastitis (secondary to A/B therapy)
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What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: FARMED MINK and CHINCILLAS?
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-abscesseas
-pneumonia/septicemia |
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What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: SNAKES?
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-necrotic stomatitis
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What specific diseases does P. aeruginosa cause in: ALL SPECIES?
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-abscesses
-wound infections (esp. burns) |
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Why does P. aeruginosa love wound infections?
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-b/c it loves moist environments and burn wounds have lots of exudation
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What is the primary way the host gets rid of P. aeruginosa infections?
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-antibody mediated plays a primary role in clearing infections and neutralizing antibodies to: pili, LPS surface antigens
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How do you diagnose P. aeruginosa infections?
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-with care b/c:
it is a common contaminant and in order to place any significance on an isolation, it must be: -collected in an appropriate fashion from actual site of infection -must be evidence of inflammation -GOOD if there is evidence of bacteria and inflammation together -infectious process can be caused by P. aeruginosa |
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How do you treat P. aeruginosa infections?
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-with difficulty
-often respond poorly to antimicrobial therapy b/c of widespread resistance therefore MUST sensitivity test -must ALSO treat underlying host compromise |
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How do you treat wounds of P. aeruginosa?
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-get rid of necrotic tissue
-drying out is important |
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How do you control pseudomonas infections?
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you don't because they are poor pathogens and opportunistic
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What are the 6 bacteria that are part of the pasterellacea family?
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-pasteurella
-mannheimia -francisella -actinobacillus -haemophilus -taylorella |
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What type of bacteria are pasteurella and mannheimia?
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-gram negative rods
-oxidase positive (important for differentiation from Enterobacteriaceae) -non-motile |
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What type of staining do pasteurella and mannheimia have?
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-bipolar staining
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Of Mannheimia and Pasterurella, which one is hemolytic?
-What media do they grow on? |
-mannheimia - hemolytic
-MacConkey's |
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Where do Mannheimia and Pasteruella come from (habitat)?
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-normal flora of mucus membranes of the oral and nasal cavities (upper respiratory and upper GIT tracts)
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If Mannheimia and Pasteruella are normal flora of mucus membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, what type of infections do they cause?
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-endogenous
-therefore disease is opportunistic (requires some stressor or other agent to get disease production) |
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What is a classical stressor in feedlot cattle for getting pasteurella/mannheimia?
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transportation --> shipping fever (pneumonia)
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What are other risk factors (other than transportation) for animals to develop pneumonia from pasteruella/mannheimia?
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-age (young)
-co-mingling -crowding or indoors -other infections (viral) -poor weather |
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What strain of Pasterurella are NOT normally part of the normal flora and therefore bacteria are better pathogens?
What two diseases does this organism cause? |
P. multocida
-P. multocidia capsule type A cause Fowl Cholera -P. multocidia capsule types B and E cause Bovine Hemorrhagic Septicemia |
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What type of Pasteruella is rarely isolated from infections and is therefore a poor pathogen?
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P. aeruginosa
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What is the difference in treating good pathogens vs. poor pathogens?
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good pathogens-address bacteria in treatment
poor pathogens - address predisposing factors in treatment |
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How do animals acquire Pasteruella and Mannheimia infections?
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-most occur in sites NEAR where these bacteria occur as part of the normal flora
-therefore transmission is by either: (1) INHALATION (2) DIRECT INOCULATION |
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What are the four virulence factors associated with Pasteurella and Mannheimia?
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(1) pilli
(2) capsule (3) endotoxin (3) exotoxin |
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How many capsule types does P. multocidia have?
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5 - associated with specific diseases
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Describe the exotoxin of P. multocidia, type D.
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-heat labile exotoxin
-dermatonecrotic, cytotoxin and osteolytic -plays a role in lesions produced in atrophic rhinitis of pigs |
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Describe the exotoxin of M. haemolytica.
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-produces an RTX toxin (a family of toxins)
-leucotoxin and haemolysis -specific for bovine WBCs -produces much of the tissue damage |
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What are the four GENERAL categories that Pasteurella normally fit into?
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(1) Rhinitis
(2) Bronchopneumonia (3) Bite wound infections (4) Septicemia |
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Where are infections of Pasteurella and Mannheimia occur - what part of the world?
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world wide, they are a significant cause of economic losses
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Are strains of P. multocidia that cause septicemia normally present as normal flora?
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no-present as carriers and DO NOT require much host compromise
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What two diseases does Septicemia caused by Pasteurella cause?
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(1) Bovine Hemorrhagic Septicemia
(2) Fowl Cholera |
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Where does Bovine Hemorrhagic Septicemia caused by P. multocidia types B and E occur?
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exotic to US
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In fowl cholera caused by P. multocidia type A, where is swelling normally seen? What other signs do you see?
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-swelling in the comb and wattle
-can get large outbreaks of disease -diarrhea and severe respiratory infections (high mortality) |
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What is the MOST important disease caused by Pasteurella and/or Mannheimia?
Why and in what species? |
-respiratory disease --> causes pneumonia in a wide range of animal species
-particularly important (economically) in ruminants |
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What is a common name given to respiratory disease in cattle as a result of Pasteurella and Mannheimia?
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-Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex/Shipping Fever
-but also affects horses and sheep |
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What kind of lesions are seen with shipping fever (caused by pasteurella and mannheimia)?
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-severe, fibrinous, hemorrhagic lobar pneumonia
-fibrinopurulent exudate in airways |
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What other surprising animal also has a big problem with getting respiratory disease as a result of Pasteurella?
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rabbit
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What type of animal does atrophic rhinitis caused by Pasteurella occur in?
What bacteria are involved? |
-disease of young pigs (3-7 weeks)
-combined effects of P. multocidia type D AND Bordetella bronchiseptica |
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Both P. multocidia type D and Bordetella bronchiseptica cause atrophic rhiniits in the young pig. What is each of their roles in causing disease?
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B. bronchiseptica - causes the initial damage to nasal mucosa
P. multocidia type D have a dermonecrotic toxin that causes bone resorption of bony turbinates and suppresses osteoid synthesis adjacent to inflamed area |
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What is the end result of atrophic rhinitis in the pig?
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-results in destruction of turbinates and conchal bones of the snout
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What will you see clinically with atrophic rhinitis?
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-sneezing
-epistaxis -and facial distortion |
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When wound infections result in Pasteurella infections, what other bacteria may be involved?
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-strict anaerobes
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Do dog or cat bite infections more often cause infections from Pasteurella? Why?
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cats
- type of wounds and skin of cats -species of Pasteurella in cat's mouths |
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How do you diagnose Pasteruella in a bite wound infection/
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-FNA and cytology/culture
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How do you treat Pasteurella from bite wound infections?
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-DRAINAGE
-treatment with antibiotics (maybe) |
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What specific diseases do Mannheimia haemolytica cause?
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(1) shipping fever in cattle (w/ or w/o P. multocida)
(2) Enzootic pneumonia in sheep and goats (3) necrotising mastitis in ewes (blue bag) due to leucotoxin (4) septicemia in lambs |
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What did M. haemolytica used to be called?
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-P. haemolytica biotype A
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M. haemolytica causes necrotising mastitis in ewes.
What is another name for this and what causes the blue? |
-blue bag
-due to leucotoxin |
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Does P. multocidia cause enzootic pneumonia in sheep and goats?
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NO
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What was the old name for Prancisella tularensis?
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Pasterurella spp
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What transmits Francisella?
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ticks (also through wounds, ingestion, inhalation)
-wildlife are reservoirs - endemic in US |
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What type of parasite are Francisella tularensis?
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facultative intracellular parasite
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How is Tularemia normally observed?
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lymphadenitis, hepatitis, septicemia (maybe)
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Both Pasteurella and Mannheimia are extracellular bacteria, therefore what is the primary role of how the host gets rid of infections?
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-antibody mediated immunity
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What type of antibiotics would you use to treat Pasteurella and Mannheimia infections?
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-increases resistance in ruminants therefore require sensitivity testing
-antibiotics of choice for other animals include penicillin to treat pasteurella |
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What is the key to controlling Bovine Respiratory Disease?
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management
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What test would you consider when you hear decreased gut sounds and have an increased temperature?
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abdominocentesis
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Do you have to see bacteria in abdominal fluid for it to be considered a septic infection?
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no-can have a very high cell count
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Actinobacillus and Haemophilus are part of the pasteurellaceae family. What features do they share with the other pasteurellacease members?
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-small gram negative coccobaccili to rods
-faculttatively anaerobic (though, like CO2) -oxidase positive |
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What atmospheric environment do Actinobacciluus and Haemophilus like?
-Are they easy or hard to grow? What may be required for growth? |
-Facultatively anerobic, but like COs
-Harder to culture - require X and or V factors to grow |
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Where do Actinobacillus come from?
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-Normal Flora
-oral cavity and GIT -URT (A. pleuropneumoniae) -Genital tract (A. suis) |
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Where do Haemophilus, Histophilus come from?
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-Normal Flora
-oral cavity -URT -genital tract (H. somni) |
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Where do Taylorella come from?
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-genital tract
-carriers only |
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What is important to note about Actinobacillus, Haemophilus and Taylorella in the Pasteurellaceae family?
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-infections are endogenous
-infections tend to be species specific and are less common than other Pasteruellaceae as montly weaker pathogens -bacteria tend to be associated with specific disease syndromes |
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How do most animals acquire Actinobacillus, Haemophilus or Taylorella infections?
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-occur in sites NEAR where these bacteria reside (normal flora or carrier)
-therefore, transmission is via: (1) INHALATION (2) DIRECT INOCULATION - local site (venereal) or systemic |
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How do Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Taylorella cause disease?
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(1) pili
(2) capsule (3) Fe acquisition (4) urease (5) protease (6) IgG binding (7) Endotoxin (8) Exotoxin! **Different bacteria have different toxins (endotoxin and RTX toxins) |
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What type of exotoxin does Actinobacillus spp produce?
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-RTX toxin-->
-call in PMNs -leucotoxin and haemolysin (produce a lot of tissue damage and vary in their toxicity between species) |
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What bacteria causes wooden tongue?
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A. lignieresii
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What disease does A. lignieresii cause?
-in what species? |
-wooden tongue
-in ruminants (cattle/sheep) |
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What clinical signs do you see with wooden tongue caused by A. lignieresii?
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-see multiple pyogranulomatous abscessess (chronic) predominately in the head and neck and tongue
-draining tracts |
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How is A. lignieresii introduced to cause wooden tongue?
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trauma
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What do the abscesses of wooden tongue have in them?
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-abscesses contain thick, viscous pus together with sulfur granules or club colonies
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What are the two subspecies of Actinobacillus equuli?
What animals do they infect? |
(1) ss equuli (horses and pigs)
(2) ss hemolyticus (horses only) |
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What three diseases does Actinobacillus equuli cause?
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(1) sleepy foal disease
(2) spontaneous peritonitis (3) pneumonia and pleuropneumonia |
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What is sleepy foal disease? How is it manifested and what bacteria causes it?
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-septicemia in neonatal foals
-localization in other sites (kidney) -caused by Actinobacillus equuli |
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What another organisms may act with Actinobacillus equuli to cause pneumonia and pleuropneumonia?
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-Streptococcus spp
-Pasteruella spp |
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What is a risk factor for the development of Actinobacillus infections?
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-a poor anthelmintic regimen
-parasites like S. vugaris can carry the bacteria into the bloodstream |
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What species is A. pleuropneumoniae a predominant pathogen in?
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-pigs
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Is A. pleuropneumoniae normal flora of pigs?
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no - in carriers
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What is required for growth of A. pleuropneumoniae?
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-V factor
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What bacteria is of particular economic importance in young grower and finisher pigs?
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A. pleuropneumoniae
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What factors predisposes pigs to getting A. pleuropneumoniae?
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-crowding, poor ventilation
-b/c transmission is through ventilation |
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What are the clinical signs of A. pleuropneumoniae?
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-severe fibrinous pneumonia and pleuritis
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What are the gross lesions of A. pleuropneumoniae?
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-hemorrhagic and necrotic
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What are the virulence factors of A. pleuropneumoniae?
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(1) capsule
(2) endotoxin (3) 4 RTX exotoxins - directly responsible for the hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions seen in swine pleuropneumonia (4) adhesins |
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What disease does Actinobacillus suis cause?
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-septicemia (invasion via the respiratory tract)
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What are the clinical signs/gross lesions in piglets that have Actinobacillus infections?
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-piglets are febrile, have respiratory distress, neurological symptoms and death
-endocarditis, pericarditis, edema, and petechia throughout organs may occur |
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What is the difference in lesions between young and old pigs that get Actinobacillus suis infections?
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older pigs have more localized lesions (arthritis, pneumonia, and abscesses)
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What is the age of pigs to get Actinobacillus suis infections?
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1-8 weeks old
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Are Haemophilus parasuis infections host specific? If so to what species and why?
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Yes - to pigs because of iron acquisition mechanisms
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What two diseases are associated with Haemophilus parasuis?
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-Biotype II is associated with disease
(1) Bronchopneumonia (2) Glasser's Disease |
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What is broncopneumonia associated with Haemophilus parasuis infections secondary to?
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to viral/mycoplasma infections
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What is Glasser's Disease?
What bacteria causes it? |
-septicemia and polyserositis in young, weaned pigs
-associated with stress -caused by Haemophilus parasuis |
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What species is Histophilus somni a pathogen of?
Where does it hang out in this species? |
cows
-normal flora of the genital tract and less commonly respiratory tract |
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How does Histophilus somni invade the body?
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-invades and disseminates via the bloodstream and localizes at other sites (brain, lungs, reproductive tract)
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What diseases does Histophilus somni cause?
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(1) Respiratory Disease (BRDC)
(2) Thromboembolic Menigoencephalitis (TEME (3) Reproductive Failure (abortion and infertility) (4) Others (myocarditis, arthritis) |
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What generally occurs with Histophilus somni infections?
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-thrombo-embolism
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What disease does Avibacterium paragallinarum cause?
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Fowl (infectious) coryza
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What bacteria causes fowl coryza?
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avibacterium (H) paragallinarum
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What species does infectious coryza, caused by acibacterium paragallinarum occur in?
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chickens
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What clinical signs do you see with infectious coryza in chickens?
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-inflammation of turbinates and sinus epithelium
-air sacculitus |
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What disease does Taylorella equigenitalis cause?
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Contagious equine metritis
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What bacteria causes CEM in mares?
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Taylorella equigenitalis
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How is CEM transmitted?
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via carrier stallions
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What is CEM?
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-an acute, supperative disease of the uterus, cervix and vaginia of mares
-causes temporary infertility - usually with complete recovery |
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How is CEM caused by Taylorella equigenitalis cured?
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-it is self-limiting
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How does the host get rid of infections in cases of A. lignieresii?
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-cell mediated immunity
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What plays a role in clearing most infections associated with Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, ect...?
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-antibody mediated
-antibodies to: leukotoxin, capsule, LPS, adherence factors, surface antigens |
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Neutralizing antibodies to leukotoxin in antibody mediated immunity is critical in what type of bacterial infection?
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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What is the antibiotic of choice to treat Actinobacillus and Haemophilus?
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penicillin
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What would you use to treat A. lignieresii infections?
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-Sodium iodide IV or intralesional
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Other than penicillin, how could you treat Actinobacillus and Haemophilus infections?
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use ampicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracycline
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What may you want to so if animals with Actinobacillus of Haemophilus infections are not responsive to treatment?
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sensitivity testing
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What is an important way, other than vaccines, to control Actinobacillus, and Haemophilus infections?
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-management
-control stressors -prevent feeding coarse feedstuffs -intentional exposure (H. parasuis) -vaccination of mothers to induce maternal antibodies |