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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the morphology of Bordetella?
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Gram negative short rods
oxidase positive motile |
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What are the main bacteria and viruses associated with Canine Cough?
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Bacteria=Bordetella bronchiseptica; mycoplasma
Viruses=Canine parinfluenza virus; Canine adenovirus 2 ** A co-infection is more severe |
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What else can happen if B. bronchiseptica and/or the viruses that cause Canine Cough cause the initial damage?
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-allows secondary invasion by other more virulent bacteria
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Are Bortetella motile?
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YES!!
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What medium does Bortetella grow on readily?
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MacConkeys
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Where are Bordetella bronchiseptica normally found - habitat?
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-obligate parasite of ciliated respiratory epithelium
-maintained in carrier animals |
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How do animals acquire Bordetella bronchispetica infections?
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-from infected carrier dogs (exogenous infections) who are coughing
-occasionally from bacteria that are present on the respiratory epithelium (endogenous) |
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
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-inhalation through aerosolised droplets
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What are important risk factors (and therefore control points) of Bordetella bronchiseptica infections?
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-introduction of new animals
-ventilation -density of animals |
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Is canine cough contagious?
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YES - can get large outbreaks of disease in housed animals
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Once Bordetella bronchiseptica have binded to cilia on the respiratory epithelium, what occurs?
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-induce ciliostasis, death of cells and subsequent inflammation via dermonecrotic cytotoxin and tracheal cytotoxin
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What types of cytotoxin cause ciliostasis, death of cells and subsequent inflammation in Bortetella bronchiseptica infections?
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-dermonecrotic cytotoxin and tracheal cytotoxin
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In Bordetella bronchiseptica infections, how is phagocytosis and killing of bacteria decreased?
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via adenylate cylase-hemolysin
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Bordetella bronchiseptica plays a role in three major diseases - what are they?
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(1) Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis - Canine Cough
(2) Trachiobronchitis/Pneumonia (3) Atrophic Rhinitis in pigs |
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What is the incubation period for Canine Cough?
What clinical signs follow? |
5-10 days
sudden onset of dry, hacking (goose-honk) cough that may be productive or non-productive |
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Do dogs with canine cough caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica normally have systemic illness?
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NO-if they do, you should suspect a more serious illness
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What animal species are affected by Tracheobronchitis/pneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica?
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-wide range=dogs, cats, horses, rodents, people
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What is also involved with Tracheobronchitis/pneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica?
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-usually involves other bacteria or viruses
-predisposing factors = mycoplasma, herpes, or calicivirus in cats -secondarily (Enterobacteriaceae) -it is the secondary invaders that cause serous disease (pneumonia) |
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Who are the carriers of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the disease Atrophic Rhinitis?
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sows are carriers - transfer infection to piglets
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What are the two phases of disease in Atrophic Rhinitis?
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-B. bronchiseptica invades initially and causes mild form of the disease (dermonecrotic toxin and osteotoxin)
-Secondary invasion by toxigenic P. multocidia type D results in more severe and progressive form onf the disease |
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How does the host get rid of Bordetella bronchiseptica infections?
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-infections are usually self-limiting
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What is the duration of immunity for Bordetella bronchiseptica infections?
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-about 6 months
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What type of immunity is important in dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infections?
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-mucosal immunity (IgA) is important in dogs
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Bordetella bronchiseptica are extracellular infections, therefore what type of immunity plays a primary role in infection?
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anti-body mediated immunity
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Canine Cough caused by Bordatella is usually a self-limiting infection. How long does it usually take to resolve infections?
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4-7 days
BUT can last weeks if there is a secondary involvement |
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If you are going to treat Canine Cough caused by Bordatella, what do you treat with?
What should you do first? |
-clavulox, TMPS or doxycylcine
-BUT these bacteria should have unpredictable sensitivity patterns, therefore should culture and sensitivity - esp. if animal is VERY ill |
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How long can animals shed Bordatella after cessation of signs of infection?
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3 months
-therefore, dogs should not be near other susceptible dogs and dogs may relapse if stressed -treatment may shorten shedding time and relapses |
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What can be done to help prevent your animals from getting Canine Cough, especially if they will be boarded around other animals?
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-vaccinate (parenteral of intranasal)
-puppies can be vaccinated after 3 weeks of age -should vaccinate at least 5 days prior to boarding -vaccine is good for one year |
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How long is the Bordatella vaccine good for?
What other species (other than dogs) is there a vaccine for? |
1 year
-cats and pigs (atrophic rhinitis) |
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How do you control infection of Canine Cough in a kennel?
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-isolation is #1 - at first signs
-pre-admission vaccination (not 100%) -cleaning -improve ventilation |
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What type of bacteria is Brucella?
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-Gram negative rods (coccobacilli)
-oxidase positive |
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What type of environment does Brucella like?
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strict aerobes (likes CO2)
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What species of Brucella cause enlargement of scrotum?
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B. Canis - IS in US
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What type of Brucella affects cattle and bision?
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B. abortus
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What species of Brucells affects just goats and sheep?
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B. melitensis
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What sp of Brucella affects just pigs and reindeer?
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B. suis
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What sp. of Brucella affects wood rats?
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B. neotomae
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Where do Brucella come from?
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-obligate parasites of animals
-maintained in carrier animals (found as facultative intracellular organisms in cells of reticuloendothelial system (RES) and reproductive tracts) |
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Who sheds Brucella?
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shed intermittently by carriers or in large numbers by newly infected animals - usually in reproductive tract secretions
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How do animals acquire Brucella infections?
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thru direct contact with:
(1) infected/carrier animals (2) fomites (contaminated feed/water) |
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What are the routes of infection for Brucella?
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(1) ingestion - milk or licking genitalia or placenta
(2) exposure of mucosal surfaces (3) venereal (intermittent shedding by males) (4) congenital |
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Right after Brucella invade the mucus membranes, what happens to these bacteria?
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-they are phagocytosed by macrophages and taken to regional lymph nodes
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After Brucella are taken to the regional lymph nodes by macrophages, what happens?
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-they are disseminated haematogenously and initially localize in the RES, reproductive tract and udder
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What type of cells do Brucella proliferate best in?
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-cells with high levels of erythritol (trophoblasts of placenta) --> spread to the fetus causing abortion
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When are Brucella numbers the greatest in the placenta?
-what about the uterus? |
-at the time of abortion; decrease in uterus over time, but can be shed for up to 6 weeks post abortion
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Where else may Brucella localize and cause disease?
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-intervertebral disc space, joints, bone, prostate, meninges, eye, kidney
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What cells of the body do Brucella persist in, sometimes for the life of the animal?
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macrophages - with chronic, intermittent shedding
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What three diseases does B. abortis cause?
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(1) Bovine abortion
(2) Epididymitis and orchitis in bulls (3) fistulous withers and poll evil in horses (osteomyelitis of dorsal spinous processes at the withers) |
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What is the Dragon's Tail for Brucella abortis?
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Montana - because of bison population
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How long does it take dogs to clear a B.canis infection?
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-typically 1-5 years
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What specific diseases does Brucella canis cause?
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(1) canine abortion >50 days, infertility in bitches and sick pups
(2) epididymitis, sperm abnormalities and infertility in dogs (3) systemic dissemination in dogs is relatively common |
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What specific diseases does B. suis cause - in both domestic and feral populations in the US?
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(1) abortion in sows
(2) orchitis and epididymitis (3) disseminated infections occur more commonly than B. abortus |
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What specific diseases does B. ovis cause?
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(1) MOSTLY epididymitis in older rams
(2) abortion in ewes (rare, late term) (3) decreased flock fertility rates |
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What specific diseases does B. mellitensis cause?
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-similar disease in GOATS as the B. abortus disease in CATTLE
(1) abortion (late term) (2) epidymitis/orchitis (3) MASTITIS - goat cheese is a problem and can spread disease (problem in Mexico) |
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How does the host get rid of Brucella infections?
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-cell mediated immunity is primary
-antibody mediated - does not coorelate with protection |
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What is the variation in the ability of a host to clear Brucella infections in the following:
-B. abortus -B. melitenis -B. suis |
-B. abortus=lifelong carriers
-B. melitenis=clear infections -B. suis=immunity is short-lived |
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Which of the Brucella species is not notifiable?
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B. canis
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How do you diagnose a Brucella infection?
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-clinical signs
-diagnostic tests |
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What different types of diagnostic tests are available to test for Brucella?
Name four. |
(1) Isolation from blood (best)
(2) Serology (ask lab for interpretation of titers; false positives can be a problem) (3) semen examination (abnormalities in the sperm, esp. with B. canis (4) Testicular/Epididymal palpation of young rams (B. ovis) |
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How do you treat Brucella infections in ruminants and pigs?
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you don't - policy is test and slaughter
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How do you treat Brucella infections in the dog?
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-difficult to treat due to intracellular location
-NO treatment is 100% effective -combination therapy must be used and multiple courses -spey/castrate as well -monitor therapy with serology -don't presume dog is ever cured, although they MAY clear the bacteria |
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How do you control Brucella in cattle?
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-Test and slaughter (serological testing of all market cattle and milk)
-vaccinate all replacement animals and heifer calves (live, avirulent strains such as RB51) -hygiene |
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Who must Brucella vaccinations be given by?
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-USDA accredited veterinarian as part of an eradication program
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Is there a Brucella vaccine for dogs or pigs?
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NO
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What type of bacteria are Moraxella bovis?
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-gram negative rod (coccobacilli)
-oxidase positive -strict aerobe |
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What is the environment that Moraxella likes to live in?
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-strict aerobes - OXYGEN!
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Where do Moraxella come from?
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-commensals on mucus membranes of bovine conjunctiva and URT
-maintained in carrier animals |
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What are the two ways in which Moraxella bovis are primarily transmitted?
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(1) infected or carrier animals
(2) flying insects (mechanical transmission) |
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What are the two factors ESSENTIAL for virulence in Moraxella bovis infections>
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(1) Fimbriae (pili)
(2) Hemolysin |
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How many different types of pili are there in Moraxella bovis?
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7 different types
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What must happen BEFORE Moraxella bovis can attach via the pili?
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there must be some sort of damage
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What does the haemolysin (a virulence factor) in Moraxella bovis attack?
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-cytotoxic for corneal epithelial cells
-products from lysed corneal cells are chemotactic for PMN which migrate to the area and cause inflammation ans exacerbation of the lesion |
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What diseases does Moraxella bovis cause?
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(1) Pink Eye
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What are the clinical signs of pink eye (6)?
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(1) Epiphora (tears)
(2) Hyperemia (reddening) of conjunctiva (3) lacrimation (4) photohobia (intolerance to light) (5) blepharospasm (spasm of eyelid) (6) corneal ulcers |
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How do you treat Moraxella infections?
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-self-limiting --> dark stall free of dust
-subconjunctival antibiotics (penicilin, ceftiofur) -systemic antibiotics -EYE PATCHES-ARG |
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How do you control Moracella bovis infections?
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(1) avoid predisposing factors
(2) isolate affected animals (3) decrease stocking rates (4) add shade, fly control (5) vaccination ?? - because of different pili |
