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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 stages of binary fission to generate one generation?
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-cell elongation: chromosome duplicates, one copy for each daughter cell.
-septum formation -Completion of septum (cell separation) |
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What are Fts proteins and what is their function?
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Filamentous temperature-sensitive proteins, needed for cell division in all prokaryotes, interacts to form the divisome.
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What is a divisome?
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Cell division apparatus
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FtsZ function?
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forms ring around center of cell.
related to tubulin |
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ZipA function?
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anchor that connects FtsZ ring to cytoplasmic membrane
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FtsA function?
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helps connect FtsZ ring to membrane and also recruits other divisome proteins
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FtsK function?
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protein mediates separation of chromosomes in daughter cells
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What do Min proteins do?
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initiates the FtsZ ring formation in the middle of cell (facilitates location of FtsZ ring)
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What is the function of MreB?
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major shape determining factor in prokaryotes.
creates rod shape |
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How does MreB direct the morphology of the cell?
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localizes synthesis of new peptidoglycan and other cell wall components to specific locations along cylinder of rod shaped cell during growth
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what is a wall band?
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junction between new and old peptidoglycan
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What do autolysins do?
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Creates small openings in wall at the beginning of the FtsZ ring.
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What is bactroprenol?
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carrier molecule that plays major role in insertion of peptidoglycan precursors
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What are glycolases?
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Enzymes that interact with bactroprenol.
Inserts cell wall precursor into growing points of cell wall and catalyze glycosidic bond formation |
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Function of glycolase?
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insert cell wall precursors to growing points of cell.
catalyze glycosidic bond formation. |
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What is transpeptidation?
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Final step in cell wall synthesis by forming peptide cross-links
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What inhibits transpeptidation?
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antibiotic penicillin-interferes with formation of glycosidic bonds
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What is a batch culture?
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closed system microbial culture of fixed volume
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What are the phases that characterize a batch culture?
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Lag phase
exponential phase stationary phase death |
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What is a continuous culture?
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open system microbial culture of fixed culture
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What is an example of a continuous culture?
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chemostat
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How would you control the growth rate and population of culture in a continuous culture?
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Dilution rate: rate at which fresh medium is upped in
Quality of media (rich/poor media) |
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What is the great plate anomaly?
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when you see tons of cells(from natural samples) under microscope, but you have trouble plating
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What are mesophiles?
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organisms that have midrange temperature optima.
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What are extremophiles?
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organisms that evolved to grow under hot/cold conditions
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What is an example of a continuous culture?
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chemostat
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How would you control the growth rate and population of culture in a continuous culture?
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Dilution rate: rate at which fresh medium is upped in
Quality of media (rich/poor media) |
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What is the great plate anomaly?
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when you see tons of cells(from natural samples) under microscope, but you have trouble plating
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What are mesophiles?
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organisms that have midrange temperature optima.
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What are extremophiles?
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organisms that evolved to grow under hot/cold conditions
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What are psychrophiles?
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organisms with cold temp optima
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what are psychotolerant organisms?
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organisms can grow at 0 degrees, but prefer 20-40 degrees
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How do psychrophiles adapt?
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evolve enzymes that function optimally in cold.
Have modified cytoplasmic membranes with high unsaturated fat content (kink) |
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What are thermophiles?
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organisms with growth temp optima at 45-80 degrees.
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what are hyperthermophiles?
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organisms with optima > 80 degrees
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How do bacteria adapt to high temp?
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lipids with saturated fatty acids (not kinky, more solid membrane)
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How to archaea adapt to high temperatures?
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lipid monolayer rather than bilayer
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What pH do neutrophiles grow best at?
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6 to 8
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What are osmophiles?
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organisms living in high sugar solute environments- low water availability
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What are xenophiles?/
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organisms that can grow in dry env.
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what are facultative env?
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can live with or without oxygen
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Do aerotolerant anaerobes use oxygen?
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No. Can tolerate oxygen and grow in its presence but can't use it.
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what are microaerophiles?
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can use oxygen only when present in low levels.
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Where would a facultative aerobe be located in tube? (oxic/anoxic zone)
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concentrated in oxic zone. dispersed evenly in anoxic zone.
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where will microaerophiles be found in tube?
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anoxic zone near oxic zone at top
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Where will anaerobes be found in tube?
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At bottom of anoxic zone.
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Where will aerotolerant anaerobes be found in tube?
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dispersed evenly thoughout oxic and anoxic zone.
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What can be done to create environment to grow anaerobic microbes?
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chamber with catalyst that removes oxygen/chemical to reduce Oxygen
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What forms a divisome?
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FtsZ, ZipA, and FtsA proteins
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