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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
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caused by prions
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Prions
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Protein infectious particles
they are protease resistant typically transmissible through infected/contaminated tissues |
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incubation period of TSE's
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6mos to 40yrs
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virino hypothesis
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PrP (res) may serve as a receptor for a small virus in the form of nucleic acid
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protein-only hypothesis
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PrP (res) is the predominant macromolecule and the interactions between abnormal and normal proteins lead to the formaiton of additional abnormal protein (similar to amyloid)
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inactivation of prions
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they are extremely resistant to it
1 N NaOH, 20K ppm of bleach, or autoclaving in water at 134 Celsius are effective |
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TSE - clinical disease presentation
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chronic, neurologic condition
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TSE- diagnosis
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based on observation of clinical signs
ELISA from retropharyngeal lymph nodes follow with confirmatory tests (immunohistochemistry or Western blot on tissue obtained from obex portion of the brain stem) |
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TSE - Western Blot
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relies on use of a protease to "digest" sensitive PrP(sen) leaving PrP(res), when present, to show up on protein analysis
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TSE- Sheep and Goats
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PrP(sc) is abbreviation
disease = Scrapie incubation = 2-4 years clinical course = 6-12 mo |
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Scrapie transmission
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horizontal transmission by ingestion of infectious tissues is likely
may be some genetic susceptibility in goats |
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Scrapie signs
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apparent "itchiness" (pruritis) evidenced by incessant scratching/scraping of the skin; hyperexcitability; ataxia; loss of appetite; death (typically due to starvation
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Scrapie diagnosis
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clinical signs
ELISA on retropharyngeal lymph nodes confirmation using immunohistochemistry or western blot |
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Scrapie treatment
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none
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Scrapie control/prevention
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surveillance
destruction of infected animals (sheep and goats) and bloodlines (goats) destruction of goats regardless of +/- clinical signs that are in contact with infected sheep |
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TSE - Cattle
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PrP (bse) is abbreviation
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
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BSE transmission
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horizontal transmission likely via consumption of contaminated tissue/protein products (meat and bone meal)
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BSE - incubation period
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2-4 yrs
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BSE-clinical signs
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over 6-12 months
aggressiveness; hyperexcitability; headrubbing/nose licking; ataxia/hypermetria (exaggerated gait); gradual weight loss despite normal appetite; eventually unable to eat; death due to starvation |
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BSE - diagnosis
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same as scrapie
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BSE - treatment
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none
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BSE - control/prevention
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don't feed rendered ruminant byproducts back to cattle
do not slaughter downer cows for consumption screen downers for BSE do not slaughter cattle using air injection stunning do not consume specified risk materials (SRM, brain, spinal cord, lymph nodes) surveillance of cattle > 30mo of age at slaughter |
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BSE - zoonosis
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possible - known as variant Creutzfeld-Jacobs Disease (vCJD)
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TSE - Deer and Elk (cervids)
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PrP(cwd)
disease - chronic wasting disease (CWD) incubation period: 1.5-3yrs clinical course over 4-12 months horizontal transmission proposed endemic in rocky mountains |
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Chronic Wasting Disease - clinical signs
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ataxia, pacing,head tremors, salivation, weight loss, death
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chronic wasting disease - control/prevention
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surveillance of deer at hunting check stations (ELISA of retropharyngeal lymph nodes)
ban the movement of live cervids population reduction through hunting (deer especially) test all farmed cervids greater than 16 months that die |
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Chronic wasting disease - zoonosis
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potential exists (unconfirmed)
so, debone meat, avoid contacct with brain, spinal cord, and lymphoid tissues when processing carcasses (wear gloves), have the retropharyngeal LN tested for CWD |
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Mycoplasmatales
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no cell wall, pleomorphic, unable to gram stain, circular DNA, facultative anaerobes, chemoheterotrophs, plasma membrane has high sterol content, difficult to grow, fried egg colonies on plates, immunoevasive, often followed by secondary bacterial infections
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Bird - Mycoplasma species
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M. gallisepticum (MG)
M. synoviae (MS) M. meleagridis (MM) M. iowae (MI) |
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through what type of transmission are bird Mycoplasma spp. transmitted
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vertical and horizontal transmission
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what type of clinical signs do the bird Mycoplasma spp. cause
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upper and lower respiratory tract infections
joint swelling reproductive problems |
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How do you diagnose bird Mycoplasma spp.
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serology (acute and convalescent sera)
PCR Culture |
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How do you treat Mycoplasma spp. infections in birds
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Tylosin
Oxytet Sulfas |
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What are the control and prevention strategies for Mycoplasma spp. in birds?
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biosecurity
quarantine new birds eliminate new carriers vaccinate (MG) dip eggs buy from NPIP certified flocks |
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Which Mycoplasma spp. in birds can you vaccinate against?
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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Pig Mycoplasma spp.
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M. hyorhinus
M. hyosynoviae M. hyopneumoniae (all hyo...) |
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How is Mycoplasma transmitted in pigs?
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horizontal transmission
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What type of clinical signs does Mycoplasma spp. cause in pigs?
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upper and lower respiratory disease
swollen joints |
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How do you diagnose Mycoplasma spp. infections in pigs?
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serology
PCR culture |
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How do you treat pigs for Mycoplasma infections?
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Tylosin
Oxytetracycline Macrolides Fluoroquinolones |
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How are Mycoplasma spp. infections controlled/prevented in pigs?
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-biosecurity
-vaccinate (M. hyopneumoniae) -establish Mycoplasma free farrowing operations using biosecurity and eliminating carriers |
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Which Mycoplasma spp. in pigs has a vaccine available?
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
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Mycoplasma spp. that infect cattle
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M. mycoides subsp. mycoides = contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
M. bovis M. californicum M. canadense M. bovigenitalium |
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Which Mycoplasma spp. causes Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
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M. mycoides subspecies mycoides
= classic "FAD" |
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What type of transmission of Mycoplasma spp. is found in cattle?
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horizontal transmission
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What are the disease/clinical signs of Mycoplasma spp. infections in cattle?
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genital infections
mastitis joint infections lower respiratory tract infections in calves |
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How do you diagnose Mycoplasma spp. infections in cattle?
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PCR
culture |
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How do you treat Mycoplasma spp. infections in cattle?
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Tilmycosin
Tylosin Oxytetracycline Macrolides Florfenicol no effective treatment for mastitis |
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What type of control/prevention measures are used for Mycoplasma spp. infections in cattle?
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don't feed mastitic milk
biosecurity quarantine and test replacements |
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Mycoplasma spp. that cause infections in sheep and goats
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M. capricolum
M. ovipneumoniae M. conjunctivae |
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What type of transmission occurs with Mycoplasma spp. infections in sheep and goats?
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horizontal transmission
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What type of disease/clinical signs does infection with Mycoplasma spp. in sheep and goats cause?
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lower respiratory tract infections
joint swelling keratoconjunctivitis |
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How do you diagnose Mycoplasma spp. infections in sheep and goats?
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culture
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How do you treat Mycoplasma spp. infections in sheep and goats?
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same antimicrobials as in cattle
Tilmycosin Tylosin Oxytetracycline Macrolides Florfenicol |
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What control/prevention measures are taken for Mycoplasma spp. infections in sheep and goats?
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biosecurity
cull affected animals to eliminate carriers |
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What species of Mycoplasma cause infection in dogs?
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M. cyanos
M. canis |
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How is disease transmitted with Mycoplasma spp. in dogs?
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horizontal transmission
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What type of disease/clinical signs are caused by Mycoplasma spp. infections in dogs?
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urogenital infections
pneumonia |
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How do you diagnose Mycoplasma spp. infections in dogs?
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culture
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How do you treat Mycoplasma spp. infections in dogs?
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Doxycycline
Fluoroquinolones |
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How do you control/prevent Mycoplasma spp. infections in dogs?
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biosecurity protocols
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What Mycoplasma spp. causes infection in felines?
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M. felis
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How is M. felis transmitted in felines?
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horizontal transmission
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What type of disease/clinical signs does M. felis infection cause in cats?
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conjunctivitis
Pneumonia |
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How do you diagnose M. felis infections in cats?
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culture
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How do you treat M. felis infections in cats?
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Doxycycline
Fluoroquinolones |
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What control/prevention measures are taken in case of Mycoplasma felis infections in cats?
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biosecurity
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Which Mycoplasma species are hemotrophic species and were formerly classified as Eperythrozoon spp.?
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Pigs - M. suis
Cattle - M. wenyonii Sheep and Goats - M. ovis |
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How are the hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. transmitted?
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blood borne diseases
vector transmission |
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What type of disease/clinical signs do the hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. cause?
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anemia, palor, icterus, splenomegaly, hydropericardium, weakness, paralysis, repro problems, increased incidence of secondary infections, necrosis of extremities in colder climates
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How do you diagnose the hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp.?
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blood smear (Romanovsky stain)
serology PCR |
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How do you treat the infections with hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp.?
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Tetracyclines
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How are hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. infections controlled/prevented?
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elimination of carriers
vector control |
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Which hemotrophic spp. of Mycoplasma cause disease in dogs and cats?
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M. haemocanis (dogs)
M. haemofelis (cats) formerly known as Hemobartonella |
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How are hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. transmitted in dogs and cats?
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blood borne
vector transmission |
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What type of disease/clinical signs do infections with hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. cause in dogs and cats?
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anemia
palor icterus splenomegaly fever progressing to subnormal temp. |
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How do you diagnose infections with hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. in dogs and cats?
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blood smear (Romanovsky stain)
PCR |
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How do you treat infections with hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. in dogs and cats?
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Doxycycline
Fluoroquinolones Macrolides |
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How do you control/prevent infections with hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. in dogs and cats?
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vector control
screen blood donors |
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Which species of Ureaplasma cause infections in Cattle, dogs, and cats?
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U. diversum - cattle
U. canigenitalium - dogs U. cati, U. felinum - cats |
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How are Ureaplasma spp. transmitted?
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horizontal transmission
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What types of disease/clinical signs do Ureaplasma spp. cause?
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urogenital tract infections
abortions/stillbirths (cattle) respiratory tract infections (cattle, cats) |
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How do you diagnose Ureaplasma spp. infections?
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PCR
culture |
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How do you treat infections with Ureaplasma spp.?
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--intrauterine infusions with tetracyclines in cattle
--systemic tetracyclines (Doxy in dogs and cats) |
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What control/prevention measures should be taken with Ureaplasma spp. infections?
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--biosecurity
--test and segregate (cull in the case of cattle) --AI as opposed to natural cover for cattle |
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General properties of Anaplasmataceae family
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nonmotile, pleomorphic coccobacilli, gram negative and Romanovsky stains, obligate intracellular parasite, chemoheterotroph (needs some enzymes), some facultative others obligate anerobes (genus dependent)
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How do Anaplasmataceae replicate?
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binary fission
see in morulae (replicative) and dense core (infectious forms) with in cells infected cells lyse to release infectious forms |
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Anaplasmataceae are obligate _______________ parasites?
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obligate intracellular parasites
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The Anaplasmataceae family are chemoheterotrophs. That means that they need....
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they need some enzymes.
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What are the atmospheric requirements of Anaplasmataceae Family?
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some are facultative and others are obligate anerobes (genus dependent)
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What type of stains can be used for Anaplasmataceae?
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Gram stain (gram negative)
Romanovsky stains (Giemsa, Gimenez, Wright's, Diff-Quick) |
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What Genus are contained in the Anaplasmataceae Family
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Neorickettsia
Anaplasma Ehrlichia (likely soon to be Anaplasma) |
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What are the two Neorickettsia spp. that cause disease in dogs?
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N. helminthoeca
N. elokominica |
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What is the geographic distribution of Neorickettsia spp. that cause disease in dogs?
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Pacific North west
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How are Neorickettsia spp. transmitted in dogs?
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transmission is via ingestion of salmonid fluke metacercariae
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What type of disease/clinical signs do Neorickettsia spp. cause in dogs?
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"Elokomin Fluke Fever"
gastrointestinal disease lymphadenopathy leukopenia progressing to leukocytosis |
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How are Neorickettsia spp. infections diagnosed in dogs?
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serology
cytology (LN aspirate or buffy coat - monocytes) |
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How are infections with Neorickettsia spp. treated in dogs?
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Doxycycline
Praziquantel |
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How are Neorickettsia spp. infections controlled/prevented in dogs?
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avoid feeding raw fish to canids
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What Neorickettsia spp. causes disease in horses and what was it formerly named?
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N. risticii (formerly Ehrlichia risticii)
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How is N. risticii transmitted to horses?
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seasonal (May-October)
transmission through snail/fluke cercaria, caddis fly/fluke metacercaria |
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What disease/clinical signs does N. risticii cause in horses?
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"Potomac Horse Fever"
gastrointestinal +/- diarrhea ulcerative gastroenteritis abortion laminitis leucopenia anemia |
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How do you diagnose N. risticii infections in horses?
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serology
histopathology (colonoscopic biopsy) |
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How do you treat N. risticii infections in horses?
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oxytetracycline
banamine |
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How do you control/prevent N. risticii infections in horses?
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vaccinate
vector control |
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What Anaplasma sp. causes disease in cattle?
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A. marginale
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What is the geographic distribution of Anaplasma marginale that causes disease in cattle?
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Southeast US
Gulf Coast |
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How is A. marginale transmitted in cattle
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tick orne
horse flies multi-use needles |
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What disease/clinical signs does Anaplasma marginale cause?
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"Anaplasmosis" -young susceptible to infection but refractory to disease
disease develops in older, niave individuals muscle weakness anemia icterus abortion |
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How do you diagnose A. marginale infections in cattle?
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serology
cytology (RBCs) |
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How do you treat A. marginale infections in cattle?
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tetracyclines
imidocarb transfusions ****carriers may develop |
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How do you control/prevent infection with A. marginale in cattle?
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--continuous feeding of tetracyclines
--premunition (young animals) --premunition combined with tetracycline (older animals) vaccination vector control |
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What Anaplasma sp. causes disease in horses and what was it formerly named?
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A. phagocytophilum
--formerly Ehrlichia equi |
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How is A. phagocytophilum transmitted in horses?
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seasonal (late fall, winter, spring)
--- tick borne |
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What disease/clinical signs does infection with A. phagocytophilum cause?
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---Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis---
jaundice, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, limb edema, arteritis/phlebitis, neuritis, ataxia |
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How do you diagnose horses infected with A. phagocytophilum?
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serology
cytology (PMNs, Eos) PCR on buffy coat |
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How do you treat horses infected with A. phagocytophilum?
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tetracyclines
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How do you control/prevent A. phagocytophilum infections in horses?
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vector control
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What possible zoonotic disease is caused by A. phagocytophilum?
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Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (possibly*****)
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What Anaplasma sp. causes disease in dogs? What is the former name?
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Anaplasma platys
(formerly Ehrlichia platys) |
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How is Anaplasma platys transmitted in dogs?
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tickborne
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What disease/clinical signs does infection with A. platys cause?
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"Canine Cyclic Infectious Thrombocytopenia"
--epistaxis, mucosal hemorrhages, thrombocytopenia, anemia, lymphadenopathy |
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How do you diagnose dogs infected with A. platys?
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cytology on blood smears (thrombocytes)
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How do you treat dogs infected with A. platys?
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doxycycline
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How do you control/prevent infection with A. platys in dogs?
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vector control
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Which Ehrlichia spp. cause disease in dogs?
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Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia ewingii |
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How are Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia ewingii transmitted?
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tickborne transmission
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What disease/clinical signs does infection with E. canis cause in dogs?
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"Canine Ehrlichiosis" or "Tropical Pancytopenia"
--- epistaxis, mucosal hemorrhages, thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, CNS signs |
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How do you diagnose infection with Ehrlichia canis in dogs?
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serology
cytology on buffy coat or LN aspirate (monocytes, macrophages) PCR 3-D snap test |
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How do you treat dogs infected with E. canis?
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coxycycline
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How do you control/prevent E. canis infections in dogs?
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low dose doxycycline to prevent re-infection
vector control |
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Is Ehrlichia canis zoonotic?
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Possibly Yes!! So still be careful
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What disease/clinical signs does infection with E. ewingii cause in dogs?
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"canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis"
----thrombocytopenia, polyarthritis, ataxia, paresis |
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How do you diagnose E. ewingii infections in dogs?
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cytology on buffy coat (PMNs)
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How do you treat E. ewingii infections in dogs?
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doxycycline
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How do you control/prevent infections with E. ewingii in dogs?
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vector control
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Is E. ewingii zoonotic?
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yes possibly
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What Ehrlichia sp. can cause infection in cats (also in dogs)?
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E. canis - possible but RARE
Treatment/control/prevention is the same as dogs |
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What disease does E. canis cause in cats?
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pancytopenia
polyarthritis |
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What Ehrlichia sp. causes disease in cattle, sheep, and goats? What was its former name?
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E. ruminatum
(formerly Cowdria ruminatum) |
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Where is the geographic distribution of E. ruminatum?
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Caribbean and Africa
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How is E. ruminatum transmitted to cattle, sheep, and goats?
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tickborne (Amblyoma sp.)
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What Disease/clinical signs does E. ruminatum cause in cattle, sheep, and goats?
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"Heartwater Disease" - young susceptible to infection but resistant to disease
--- PNS signs - hyperesthesia, twitching, CNS signs, hydropericardium, pulmonary edema, edema of the LNs and brain, ascites |
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How do you diagnose infection with E. ruminatum in cattle, sheep, and goats?
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serology (false positives, cross reacts with A. phagocytophilum, E. canis)
cytology (macrophages |
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How do you treat E. ruminatum infections
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tetracyclines
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How do you control/prevent infections with E. ruminatum in cattle, sheep, and goats?
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utilize resistant cattle breeds
premunition (young animals) premunition combined with tetracyclines (older animals) vector control |
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General info on Family Chlamyciales
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obligate intracellular parasite, chemoheterotroph, anerobe, elementary body = non replicating, non-infectious form
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What are the atmospheric requirements for the Chlamydiales family?
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anerobe
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Which type of stains are used for the Chlamydiales Family?
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Romanovsky stains work best (Giemsa, Gimenez, Macchiavello's)
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What is the only exception to not having veterinary importance in the Genus Chlamydia?
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the asymptomatic infection in swine and hamsters with C. trachomatis - (human STD)
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Which Chlamydiophila spp. cause diseases that are important in veterinary medicine?
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Birds - C. psittaci
Sheep - C. abortus Sheep and Cattle - C. pecorum Cats - C. felis |
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Which Chlamydiophila sp. causes disease in birds?
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C. psittaci
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Which Chlamydiophila sp. causes disease in sheep?
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C. abortus
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Which Chlamydiophila sp. causes disease in sheep and cattle?
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C. pecorum
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Which Chlamydiophila sp. causes disease in cats?
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C. felis
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How is C. psittaci transmitted in birds?
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horizontal transmission
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What disease/clinical signs does C. psittaci cause in birds?
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Chlamydiophilosis, Chlamydiosis, Psittacosis, Ornithosis
-- upper respiratory tract= sinusitis, conjunctivitis --lower respiratory tract = airsacculitis, fibrinous perhepatitis/pericarditis hepatosplenomegaly, polyserositis diarrhea chronic forms see loss of condition and periodic reoccurrence of clinical signs |
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How do you diagnose infection with C. psittaci in birds?
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serology
Kodak SureCell or Clearview Chlamydia stained impression smears PCR culture |
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How do you treat C. psittaci infections in birds?
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doxycycline (petbirds
others - chlortetracycline for 45d |
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How do you control/prevent infection with C. psittaci in birds?
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quarantine new birds
eliminate carriers Chlortetracycline in the feed/coated seeds |
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C. psittaci is a reportable disease in most states because....
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because of the high potential for ZOONOSIS
---causes flu-like symptoms |
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How is C. abortus transmitted in sheep?
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horizontal transmission from aborted fetuses/placentas
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What disease/clinical signs are caused by C. abortus in sheep?
|
Enzootic Abortion in Ewes (EAE)
---abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs, placentitis, aborted fetuses are not autolyzed, potential for latent infections |
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How do you diagnose C. abortus infections in sheep?
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serology
cytology histopathology |
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How do you treat C. abortus infections in sheep?
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tetracyclines IM and in feed
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How do you control/prevent C. abortus infections in sheep?
|
inactivated vaccine
tetracycline in feed 2 weeks prior to lambing then throughout lambing season ZOONOTIC - pregnant women should not handle infected sheep |
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How is C. pecorum transmitted in sheep and cattle?
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horizontal transmission
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What disease/clinical signs are caused by C. pecorum infections in sheep? (also causes disease in cattle)
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Ovine Polyarthritis and Conjunctivitis
--in sheep infection is typically mild, epizootics brought on by severe weather, conjunctivitis with follicular hyperplasia, loss of body condition, polyarthritis |
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What disease/clinical signs are caused by C. pecorum infections in cattle? (also causes disease in sheep)
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Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis
---in cattle typically affects young, hypersalivation, peritonitis, anorexia, pneumonia, dyspnea, encephalitis, ataxia |
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How do you diagnose C. pecorum infections in sheep and cattle?
|
cytology/histopathology
Kodak SureCell Clearview Chlamydia FA culture |
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How do you treat C. pecorum infections in sheep and cattle?
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tetracyclines
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How do you control/prevent C. pecorum infections in sheep and cattle?
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Feed tetracyclines if severe weather imminent
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How is C. felis transmitted in cats?
|
horizontal transmission
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What disease/clinical signs are caused by C. felis infections in cats?
|
Feline Conjunctivitis and Rhinitis
--upper respiratory signs, conjunctivitis with follicular hyperplasia, weight loss seen with chronic cases |
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How do you diagnose C. felis infections in cats?
|
cytology
Kodak SureCell Clearview Chlamydia culture |
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How do you treat C. felis infections in cats?
|
tetracycline opthalmic ointment
doxycycline |
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How do you control/prevent C. felis infections in cats?
|
modified live and killed vaccines
POSSIBLY ZOONOTIC!!! |
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Rickettsiaceae Family - general info
|
Obligate intracellular parasite
coccobacillus need Romanovsky stains to visualize (Giemsa, Gimenez) |
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What Rickettsia sp. causes disease in dogs?
|
R. rickettsii
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What is the geographical distribution of R. rickettsii that infects dogs?
|
common in Mid Atlantic States, but first diagnosed in Rocky Mountains
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How is R. rickettsii transmitted to dogs?
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tick borne transmission --- but reservoir is present (wild rodents, rabbits, hares)
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What disease/clinical signs are caused by R. rickettsii infection in dogs?
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
----abdominal pain, swelling of extremities, necrotizing vasculitis, mucosal hemorrhages, thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia progressing to leukocytosis, polyarthritis, lymphadenopathy, DIC |
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How do you diagnose R. rickettsii infections in dogs?
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serology, cytology- (lymph nodes), histopathology - (skin biopsies - vasculitis), PCR (blood), culture
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How do you treat R. rickettsii infections in dogs?
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Doxycycline
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How do you control/prevent infections with R. rickettsii in dogs?
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vector control
----obviously zoonotic if humans bitten by tick stadia from infected dogs or inadverent sticks with needles used on infected dogs |
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Coxiella - (unclassified - formerly Family - Rickettsiaceae): general info
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pleomorphic but often rod shaped
obligate intracellular parasite posseses LPS forms endospores that are environmentally resistant can undergo phase variation when cultured similar to Francisella and Legionella (likely to be reclassified there) stains best with modified Ziehl-Neelson or Giemsa stains |
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What are the best stains for Coxiella organisms?
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modified Ziehl-Neelson or Giemsa stains
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Coxiella burnetti can cause disease in what animal species?
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cattle
sheep goats wild herbivores canids felids |
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How is Coxiella burnetti transmitted?
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horizontal transmission via contact with infected tissues, inhalation of aerosols and dust from dried tissues, biting insects
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What disease/clinical signs are caused by infection with Coxiella burnetti?
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Q fever, often subclinical but can produce lymphadenopathy, mastitis, placentitis, endometritis, infertility, abortion
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How do you diagnose Coxiella burnetti infections?
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serology
cytology (monocytes, macrophages) histopathology (Kupfer cells) |
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How do you treat Coxiella burnetti infections?
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tetracyclines
***persistent infection common despite treatment |
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How do you control/prevent Coxiella burnetti infections?
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vaccine (Investigative New Drug - IND - approval in U.S.)
---ZOONOTIC - chronic |
