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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between gram + and gram - bacteria?
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gram neg have: porin channels, thin peptidoglycan, an outer membrane (with LPS), periplasmic space, and murein lipoprotein
gram positive do not have those things |
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Bacteria that don't stain well?
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Treponema (too thin)
Rickettsia (intracellular) Mycobacteria (high lipid content, mycolic acid cell wall) Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma (lacks cell wall) Legionella (intracellular) Chlamydia (intracellular) These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color |
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How does LPS induce shock?
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TNFa, IL1
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What's the point of the periplasmic space?
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contains hydrolytic enzymes (including B-lactamases)
remember only found on gram negatives |
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M protein
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S. pyogenes (GAS) virulence factor
involved in adherence, antigenic, antiphagocytic |
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Protein A
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S. aureus virulence factor, binds IgG
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IgA Protease
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virulence factor on
S. pneumo, H. influenza Neisseria |
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Superantigens
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bind MHC II directly and TCRs activating lots of T cells and releaseing IFN-gamma and IL-2
EX: TSST-1 (S. aureaus), SpeA, SpeC (S. pyoneses causes Scarlet Fever, TSS) |
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Enterotoxins
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act on GI tract to cause diarrhea
S. aureus (short diarrhea less than 24h) Bacteria C. jejuni C. dificile (AB) V. cholera (AB) B. cereus S. dysenteriae (Shiga Toxin) "Some BACTERIA Can Cause Very Bad Shits" |
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A-B Toxins
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B (binding) component binds receptor on host cell enabling endocytosis
A (active) componenet attaches to ADP-ribosyl (ADP ribosylation) altering protein function A=aureus A=aeroginosa B=B. anthracis B=B. pertussis C=C. botulinum, tetani, perfrigens C=C. diptheriae E=ETEC E=EHEC/Shigella H. pylori |
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E. coli toxins
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Heat Labile - stimulates adenylate cyclase - causes watery diarrhea
Heat Stabile - stimulates guanylate cyclase - causes water diarrhea Shiga Like Toxin aka verotoxin - causes bloody diarrhea |
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli Clinical Presentation/Pathogenesis
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heat stabile, heat stabile toxins
causes Travelers Diarrhea |
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Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Clinical Presentation/Pathogenesis
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Dysentery (bloody diarrhea)
due to Shiga Like Toxin aka Verotoxin |
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
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due to E. coli 0157:H7 stain of EHEC
microangiopathic hemolytic anermia acute renal failure thrombocytopenia like TTP but occurs after diarrhea and almost always in usually kids! |
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Enteroinvasive E. coli Clinical Presentation/Pathogenesis
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bloody diareaha with stool pus and FEVER (unlike other E. coli infection)
secretes small amt of verotoxin/shigatoxin |
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Cholera Toxin Mechanism
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5B binds intestinal GM1
2A causes increase in cAMP, NaCl secretion, causing diarrhea |
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C. diphteriae toxin mechanism
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AB toxin leading to EF2 inactivation causing pharyngitis
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B. pertussis toxin mechanism
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AB causing increase cAMP which inhibits G-alpha-1 causing whooping cough
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Actions of Endotoxin?
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1) Macrophage activation (releases TNF, IL1, NO)
2) Complement activation via alternative pathway 3) Hageman Factor Activation (causes DIC) |
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Hemolytic Patterns of Strep species
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alpha=partial, green
beta=complete, clear gamma=none |
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Pigment Production Bacteria?
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S. aureus - gold
P. aeroginosa - blue/green S. marcensens - red |
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Chocolate Agar
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H. influenza
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Thayer Martin Media
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N. gonocohoea
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Bordet - Genou (Potato) Agar
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B. pertussis
"I got pertussis in Poland (potatoes)" |
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Loffler's Media
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C. diphteriae
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How can you tell if something is a lactose fermenter?
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pink colonies on MacConkey
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Silver Stain?
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fungi
Legionella |
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Ziehl Neelsen Stain?
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AFB
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Transformation
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DNA taken up from environment by "competent" protaryote/eukaryote"
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Conjugation
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F+ plasmid (contains pilus gene) transfers genes to bacteria and is F-
When F+ plasmid is incorporated into bacterial chromosome its called Hfr and then it can transfer DNA with it to the F+ bacteria |
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Transduction
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Generalized: lytic phage messes up and packages bacterial chromosome with it
Specialized: lysogenic phage incorporates into host genome and when its excised it takes flanking genes with it |
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Transposition
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transposons jump around and transfer genes within chromosome and between chromosome and plasmids
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Lysogeny; definition and examples?
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def: genetic code for a bacteria toxin that is encoded in a lysogenic phage
EX: shigA-like toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphteriae toxin Erythrogenic toxin (S. pyogenes) "ABCDE" |
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Obligate Anaerobes
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Nocardia
Pseudomonas Mycobacteria tuberculosis (hence apices) Bacillus "Nagging Pests Must Breather" |
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Obligate Anaerobes
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Acintomyces
Bacteriodes Clostridium "ABC" often in gut flora, produce gas in tissue |
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What makes some bugs obligate anaerobes?
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lack catalase and/or superoxide disuthase therefore they are susceptible to oxidative damage
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Which antibiotics don't work for anaerobes?
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aminoglycosides, b/c they require oxygen to enter cell
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Obligate Intracellular Bugs? And what does that mean?
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Rickettsia
Chlamydia it means that these bugs can't make their own DNA "stay inside when its Really Cold" |
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Facultative Intracellular Bugs
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Salmonella
Neisseria Brucella Mycobacteria Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia "Some Nasty Bugs May Live Facultatively" |
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Encapsulated Bacteria
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S. pneumo
H. influenza N. meningintis K. pneumo "Some Have Nasty Kapsules" |
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Spore Forming Bacteria
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Bacillus
Clostridium only gram+ can form spores |
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Urease Positive Bacteria
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H. pylori
Proteus Klebsiella Ureaplasma |
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alpha hemolytic bacteria
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s. pneumo
viridans strep |
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beta hemolytic bacteria
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s. pyogenes
s. agalactiae s. aureus l. monocytogenes |
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catalase
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degrades h202 (antimircrobial product of PMN's) which is a substrate for myeloperoxidase
made by staph (not strep) |
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S. aureus virulence factors
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Protein A - binds IgG which presents opsinization/phagocytosis
caogulase - forms fibrin clot aroun organism catalase - breaks down h202 |
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S. aureus toxins
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tsst-1
enterotoxin exfoliatin |
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S. aureus diseases
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"SOFTPAINS"
s=scalded skin syndrome o=osteomyelitis f=food poisoning (short, less than 24h 0 t=tss p=pneumonia a=acute endocarditis i=infective arthritis n=necrotizing fascitis s=sepsis |
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S. aureus treatment
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penicillinase resistant PCN
methicillin vancomycin |
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S. pyogenes diagnosis
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throat swab (if pharyngitis) - Rapid Antigen Detection Test = specific but not sensitive so send for throat culture
ASO titers |
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S. pyogenes virulence factors
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Streptolysins 0 and S: 0=antigenic, oxygen labile. S= non antigenic, oxygen stabile
M protein (70-80 types, antigenic) Anti C5a peptidase Streptokinase Hylauronidase Exotoxins DNAase "SMASHED' |
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S. pyogenes toxins
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Erythrogenic/Pyrogenic Toxins
TSST |
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S. pyogenes disease
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Necrotizing fasciitis, cellulitis
Impetigo Pharyngitis Pneumonia Lymphangitis Erysipalis Scarlet Fever/ Strep TSS "NIPPLESS" also RF and post-strep glomerulonephritis |
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S. pyogenes treatment
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pcn
actually works for strep species almost always |
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S. pneumo virulence factors
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capsule (83 serotypes, antigenic)
IgA protease |
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S. pneumo diseases
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Meningitis
Otitis Media (kids) Pneumonia Sepsis/Sinusitis "MOPSS" |
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S. pneumo treatment
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23 valence capsular vaccine
PCN |
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S. agalactiae diseases
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B is for babies!
neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia |
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S. agalactiae treatment
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pcn
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Enterococcus bacteria: where is it found? diseases? treatment?
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found in the gut flora normally
causes UTI an subacute endocarditis treat it with amp or vanc these are resistant to pcn and are becoming increasingly resistant to other vanc...... |
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S. epidermitis treatment
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vanc
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S. epidermitis diseases
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forms biofilm on prosthetic devices
also skin contaminate |
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Diseases by viridans strep?
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s. mutans: dental caries
s. sanguis: subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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how does c. tetani cause tetanus?
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exotoxin blocks gaba/glycine releease from renshaw cells (inhibitor interneurons in the spinal cord)
causes tetanic paralysis |
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how does c. botulinum cause botulism?
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heat labile, preformed exotoxin inhibits ach relesase from nmj
causes flaccid paralysis |
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gas gangrene pathogenesis
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c. perfringens produces lecithinase which causes myonecrosis
it can also cause food poisoning! |
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pseudomembranous colitis: pathogenesis and treatment?
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c. dificile exotoxin kills enterocytes
common cause of diarrhea secondary to abx trt with metronidazole |
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Diphtheria
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pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish/white) with lymphadenopathy that then releases exotoxin that damages heart and cns
the exudate is darker and thicker than s. pyogenes its bad so treat immediately with pcn (before culturing) |
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how can you get listeria monocytogenes infection?
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unpasteurized milk/cheese
vaginal transmission during birth |
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major causes of neonatal meningitis
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e. coli
gbs l. mono "LEG" all from passage through birth canal |
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major causes of adult bacterial meningitis
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n. meningitis
h. influenza |
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major causes of elderly/immunocompromised meningitis?
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s. pnuemo
l. mono |
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L. mono virulence factors
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listeriolysin 0 - allows it to escape phagolysosomes
tumbling action due to H-Ag and Flagella |
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Disease caused by L. mono
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neonatal meningitis
elderly/immunocompromised meningitis septicemia bad in preg women |
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L mono treatment
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tmp-smx
amp |
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Klebsiella diseases
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pneumonia: lots of necrosis, bloody sputum, red current jelly sputum, esp common in alcoholics or those with lung dz
nosocomial UTI, sepsis "3a's" aspiration pneumonia alcoholics abscess in lung |
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Enterococci diseases
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subacute bacterial endocarditis
biliary tract infections UTI |
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Typhoid Fever
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fever, abdominal pain, hepatospenomegaly, and rose (salmon colored) spots on abdomen
causes by salmonella, which can be chronically in gall bladder |
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Salmonella treatment
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cipro, ceftriasone, etc
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Shigella dysenteriae disease and pathogenesis
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dysentery due to shiga toxin inactivting 60s ribosome causing intestinal cell death.
AB toxin |
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Shigella dysenteriae treatment
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fluoroquinilones
fluid/electrolyte replacement |
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Klebsiella treatment
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3rd gen cephalosporins
cipro |
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Diseases by Salmonella
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-typhoid fever (S. typhi)
-paratyphoid fever (other species) all also causes gastroenteritis, osteomyelitis (esp sickle cell patients), sepsis |
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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causes diarrhea and can mimic chrohns or appendicitis "pseudoappendicitis"
gram - rod found in pet feces, milk, pork, and day care centers |
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B. cereus
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causes food poisoning, often from unheated rice
usually rapid onset, due to spores |
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Viruses which cause watery diarrhea?
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rota
adeno norwalk "ran" |
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v. cholerae morphology
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gram - comma shapped
single polar flagella |
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C. jejuni diseases
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bloody diarhea
guillain-barre syndrome association |
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Cat Scratch Fever
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Bartonella heselae infection from cat scratch
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Pasteurella multocida
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bacteria that colonizes dogs/catsmouth (like strep viridans for us) and can causes cellulitis in us from bite
dont treat with sutures! |
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Gardenella vaginalis: disease and treatment
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off-white/gray discharge, fishy smell, not painful, clue cells covered by bacteria
metronidazole |
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Pott's Disese
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TB in the vertebral body, due to reactivation
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Ghon Complex
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primary site of TB, Ghon focus (lower lobe) and lobar/perihilar lymph nodes
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Scrofula
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cervical lymphadenitis in kids or immunosuppressed
caused by Mycobacterium scrofulaceum |
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MAC
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Mycobacteriam avium intreacellulare
disseminated disease in AIDS with fever, wt loss, diarrhea, etc |
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Lepsory
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due to Mycobacterium leprae
can be in 2 forms: tuberculoid (self limited pulmonary infection) and Lepromatous bacteria grows in cooler places in body (nose, testes, superficial nerves) but spares warmer areas (groim, axilla, perineum) leonine features -nasal collapse -loss of eyebrows -lumpy earlobe |
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Clinical Presentation of Lyme's Disease
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first: erythema chronicum migraine
then bell's palsy, arthritis, cardiac block, neuropathies, encephalopathy, etc |
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Lyme Treatment
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doxy
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Undulant Fever
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"brucellosis"
infection from brucella, from eating unpasteurized dairy fever, chills, sweats etc peaking in evening and returning to normal by morning. can last months, yrs hence "undulating" like BRUCE springsteen keeps coming back |
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Tularemia
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infection by Francisella tularenis, often from rabbits or bites from ticks, deer flies, etc
resembles bubonic plaque but less dangerous, can spread to lungs, GI, eyes, etc |
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"Plague"
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Y. pestisis infection from a flea bite that lives on rodents esp praire dogs in the SW
bacteria causes BUBOLES (hot painful swollen inguinal nodes) which then spreads and causes blackish skin (hemorrhages under skin) and death if untreated |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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R. ricketskii
from dog/wood ticks in the SE centrifugal rash (starts on hands,feet and spreads to trunk) usually last 3 wks but can be deadly |
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Typhus
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can be endemic/murine caused by R. typhii from rat fleas
or epidemic caused by R. prowazekii from human body louse these start on trunk and speads outward (but spares palms, soles, face) - opposite of rmsf |
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Ricketsial Pox
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due to R. akari, house mouse
similar to chicken pox, lasts 2 wks |
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Ehrlichiosis
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disease caused by dog ticks with a similar presentation to rmsf but the rash is not common
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Q Fever
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Coxiella burnetti infection
fever, viral-like pnuemonia, no rash airborne from domestic livestock |
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causes of palm/sole rash?
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secondary syphilis
rmsf hand-food-mouth dz (coxA virus) |
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Weil Felix Reaction
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assay for antiricketsial antibodies
does not pick up Q fever or R akari |
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Treatment for Ricketsial diseases
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doxy/tetraccycline
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C. trachomatis treatment
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tertracycline for adults
erythromycin for preg women/kids |
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"Plague"
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Y. pestisis infection from a flea bite that lives on rodents esp praire dogs in the SW
bacteria causes BUBOLES (hot painful swollen inguinal nodes) which then spreads and causes blackish skin (hemorrhages under skin) and death if untreated |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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R. ricketskii
from dog/wood ticks in the SE centrifugal rash (starts on hands,feet and spreads to trunk) usually last 3 wks but can be deadly |
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Typhus
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can be endemic/murine caused by R. typhii from rat fleas
or epidemic caused by R. prowazekii from human body louse these start on trunk and speads outward (but spares palms, soles, face) - opposite of rmsf |
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Ricketsial Pox
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due to R. akari, house mouse
similar to chicken pox, lasts 2 wks |
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Ehrlichiosis
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disease caused by dog ticks with a similar presentation to rmsf but the rash is not common
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Q Fever
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Coxiella burnetti infection
fever, viral-like pnuemonia, no rash airborne from domestic livestock |
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causes of palm/sole rash?
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secondary syphilis
rmsf hand-food-mouth dz (coxA virus) |
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Weil Felix Reaction
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assay for antiricketsial antibodies
does not pick up Q fever or R akari |
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Treatment for Ricketsial diseases
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doxy/tetraccycline
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Chlamydia treatment
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tertracycline for adults
erythromycin for preg women/kids |
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Psittacosis
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atypical pnuemonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci (from birds)
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Chlamydia pneumonia disease presentation
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causes atypical pneumonia
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Chlamydia cell cycle
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2 forms:
Elementary body which Enters via Endocytosis Reticulate body which Replicates by cell fission obligate intracellular parasite, cant make own ATP |
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Subtype of C. trachomatis species
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A, B, C = trachomatis
D->K urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epididmytis, infant pneumonia, opthalmia neonatorum L1, L2, L3: lymphgranuloma venereum |
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Trachoma
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scarring on inside of eyelid causing corneal scarring and blindness
due to C. trachoma A, B, C esp in africa |
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Lymphgranuloma Venereum
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bacteria in inguinal lymph nodes
spreads and bursts out. also causes buboes! |
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Type of Spirochetes?
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Borrelia
Leptosprira Treponema Borrelia is BIG and hence the only one you can see on light microscopy |
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Leptospira interrogens
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question marked shaped spirochete found in contaminated animal urine
causes Leptrospirosis |
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Leptrospirosis
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dz caused by Leptospria interrogens
flu like symptoms, organism found in blood and csf severe form = weils dz = jandice, azotemia, fever, hemorrage, anermia, mental status change |
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Causes of + vrdl?
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non specific treponemal test
also causes positive for Viruses (esp mono and hep) RF Drugs Lupus |
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better test for syphilis than vrdl?
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fta-abs
more specific earlier positive remains positive longer but can still be positive when syphilis has been treated successfully |
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Clinical manifestations of syphilis?
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1=painless chancre
2=palms/soles rash, condyloma latum, constitutional symptoms 3=gummas of bone/skin, tabes dorsalis, argyl robertson pupil, luteic aortitis (tree bark appearance) |
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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
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complication of Chlamydia
causes perihepatitis |
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Reiter's Syndrome
who is susceptible? what causes it? symptoms? |
conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis
complication of chlamydia or Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter most are HLA-B27 |
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Congenital Syphilis
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contracted in utero
saber shins, saddle nose, cn VIII defect, teeth with notches |
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Jarish Herzheimer Reaction
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phenomenon of acute worsening of symptoms immediately after abx treatment for syphilis
has to do with killed organism releasing pyrogen |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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atypical pneumonia "walking pneumonia" x-ray looks worse than it is, typically seen in younger ppl
lacks cell wall only bacteria with cholesterol |
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treatment of mycoplasma
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not pcn because no cell wall!
tetra/erythro |
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Fungi general characteristics
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eukaryotic
uni or multicellular lack cholorophyll so can use photosynthesis for energy |
