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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Francisella tularensis?
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a cosmopolitan intracellular bacterium that affects humans and animals
wildlife are the primary long term reservior Transmitted by: sheep: tick borne Cats: eating rodents People: contact with ticks, animal carcass and aerosol exposure |
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What is Yersinia pestis?
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Plague that is from rodents
primary cycle is rodent-flea-rodent hosts can be any rodent cats are susceptible and are also reservoirs people get infected via flea bite, aerosol or direct contact with infected animals |
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What are the signs of plague and tularemia in cats?
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cats get it from foraging outside
bacteria cause localized infectious followed by sepsis and endotoxemia and pneumonia Clinical signs in cats -fever, lethargy, anorexia and sepsis -lymphadenopathy often located in the cervical region -disease rapidly progressively, pneumonia or septic shock are poor prognostic indicators |
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What are the signs of Plague and tularemia in people?
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similar to signs and progression in cats (septic shock, pneumonia, lymphadenopathy)
high fever respiratory collapse and blackened extremities risk reduction when treating affected cats |
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What is Bacillus anthracis?
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a spore forming bacterium that affects most animal species
herbivores ingest spores while grazing and carnivores eat ingected herbivores all species can get in by inhalation cause sepsis - DIC - death |
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What is mycobacterium bovis?
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occurs in countries without pasteurization of milk or control programs in cattle
global number of humans cases unknow aerosol transmission to people = pulmonary TB |
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How can one be exposed to Mycobacterium bovis?
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aerosol - from infected cattle to other cattle and to people who work with cattle
oral exposure to milk, feces and LN contents Percutaneous exposure |
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How do you control mycocacterium bovis?
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eliminate animal reservoir
milk pasteurization |
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Why are human infections with brucella and coxiella difficult to diagnose?
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difficult to diagnose either disease without a good index of suspicion
brucellosis - undulant fever or malta fever can last for months coxiella causes Q fever a nonspecific febrile illness |
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What is the diversity of zoonotic brucella spp?
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B melitensis: most pathogenic for people
B abortus: most pathogen in people B suis: less pathogen in people B canis: less pathogenic in people |
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How is brucella transmitted?
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ingestion, mucous membrane exposure or percutaneous inoculation with:
-aborted placenta, fetus, fetal fluid -unpasteurized milk -can be also found in blood, urine, semen , feces and uterine/vaginal secretions -feed/water contaminated with above materials |
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How is Brucella (bangs disease) controlled?
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eliminate animal reservoir
reduce public exposure |
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What is Q fever and how is it transmitted?
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caused by coxiella burnetii
infects all dairy species causes abortions no eradication program in the US |
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How is Coxiella burnetii transmitted?
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extremely infectious via aerosol exposure
an issue of environmental contamination veterinary exposure is most likely from environmental sources on farms Barriers: wildlife reservoirs, cost, compliance of animal owners |
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What is Baronellosis?
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caused by batronella henselae
cats are main reservoir probably transmitted between cats by cat fleas |
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How do humans get cat scratch disease and what are the signs?
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humans get bitten or scratched by an infected cat
immunocompetent adults have a fairly mild disease -fever -lymphadenopathy -can last several months immunocompromised people = sever -bacilliary angiomatosis chronic fever endocarditis, hepatitis, encephalitis |
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What are examples of enteric pathogens?
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camplylobacter jejuni
Salmonella E coli Cryptosporidum giardia Filth flies can be a mechanical vector for E coli and camplobacter animals are a cource of several zoonoses transmitted by the fecal-oral route all can cause symptomes in young animals all can infect animal workers and veterinarians via direct contact with infected animals |
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Where is salmonella found and how is it transmitted?
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origin in animal feces or reptile skin flora
secondary transmission from accidental host to humans and other animals is quite common causes diarrhea and dysentery might be contagious |
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What is the cause of antibiotic resistance?
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antibiotic resistance genes are selected for by antibiotic use
bacteria have the capacity to acquire genes horizontally from other strains and species of bacteria |
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What are factors that increase resistance rates in antibiotics?
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inappropriate medical antibiotic use
subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics used in food animal production non-pathogenic bacteria with antibiotic resistance can donate genes to pathogens medical and management practices in both humans and veterinary medicine collectively contribute to the rise in antibiotic resistance veterinary species, like food animals, serve as reservoirs for strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria |
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What is leptospirosis?
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a waterborne disease that survuves in freshwater and mud
reservoirs can be domestic or wild animals clinical disease is in people dogs, livestock and horses there are many serogroups and can infect kidneys causes renal insufficiency some strains cause hepatic damage infection is by ingestion, through broken skin, mucous membranes and contact with urine |
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What are the clinical signs of acute leptospirosis?
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fever, depression, lethergy, +/- ichterus
headache, malaise, ocular pain in people acute renal damage or failure may have biliary stasis, hepatic necrosis |
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What are the clinical signs of chronic disease?
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large animal abortions, stillbirths, weak offspring
chronic renal insufficiency |
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How do you control letptospirosis?
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reduce reservoir
-rodent control -treatment with antibiotics -vaccinate animals Reduce human exposure -clean/treated water supply -gloves when handling urine and suspect cases |
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What is borelioses?
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caused by Borrelia spp and are tick transmitted spirochetes
causes chronic disease causes lyme disease from ixodes ticks causes relapsing fever type from soft ticks |
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What is Lyme disease?
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vectored by ixodes spp ticks
reservoir usually sylvatic rodents disease in people, dogs and horses acute febrile illness, myalagia and sometime arthralgia chronic disease manifests as cardiovascular neurological or joint problems |
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What are the risks of exposure to lyme disease?
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exposure to ixodes ticks
ticks must be attached greated than 48 hours to transmit disease infected dog can serve as domestic sources of infected ticks if untreated |
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What is the other borrella that causes relapsing fever?
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vectored and reservoir by soft ticks
primary symptom is relapsing fever, vertigo and vomiting recurring episode of fever |
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What is rickettsia?
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an intracellular bacteria with animal reservoirs
can cause illness in people and dogs causes rocky mountain spotted fever can be flea and louse born |
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What is RMSF?
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a rickettsia that was discovered in the rocky mountains
dermacentor ticks transmit seen in the April to August months see rash on palms of hands and soles of feet can be fatal |
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What is Ehrlichia and Anaplasma?
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closely related to rickettsia, hard tick vectors
obligate intracellular bacteria infect leukocytes or endothelium causes fever, headache, muscle aches elevated hepatic enzyme difficult to diagnose by traditional methods - use PCR |
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What is anaplama phagocytpphilum?
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vectored by ixodes ticjs
maintained in natural cycles by small rodents has the same vectors and same geographic distribution as lyme disease infects people, dogs, horses, occasionally cars |
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What is Ehrlichia?
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originally described as a veterinary pathogen
zoonotic and human casses recongnized in the 1980s |
