Bacterial Reproduction/growth

Front 1

4 Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve?
-Where is the bacteria most sensitive to antibiotics? Where does transformation occur?

Back 1

-lag phase
-log (exponential) phase (most sensitive to antibiotics) (late log phase - transformation occurs)
-stationary phase
-death phase

Front 2

Groups Based on Optimum Temperature for Max. Growth

Back 2

-mesophiles
-thermophiles
-psychrophiles (cold)

Front 3

Groups Based on Optimum Temperature for Max. Growth

Back 3

-neutrophiles
-acidophiles
-alkalinophiles

Front 4

Groups Based on Growth in Presence of O2

Back 4

-obligate aerobe: O2 req.
-microaerophile: required in low amts
-obligate anaerobe: O2 is toxic
-facultative: not needed for growth, but used when present
-aerotolerant anaerrobe: not required nor utilized

Front 5

Enzymes that Detoxify Radicals

Back 5

-superoxide dismutase (converts radicals into H2O2 and O2; not found in obligate anaerobes)
-peroxidase (further converts H2O2; found in aerotolerant anaerobes)
-catalase (further converts H2O2; found in obligate aerobes and facultative)

Front 6

Chemoheterotrops:
-Energy Source?

Back 6

-organic compounds

Front 7

Catabolism:
-Degrade/synthesize complex molecules?
-Use/produce energy storage molecules?

Back 7

-degrade complex molecules
-produce energy storing molecules

Front 8

Secondary Energy Storage Molecules:
-Names?
-How much ATP made?

Back 8

-NADH = 3 ATP from ETC
-FADH2 = 2 ATP from ETC

Front 9

Glucose Catabolism:
Aerobic Conditions:
-Processes?
-End Result?

Back 9

-glycolysis (makes 2 pyruvates) -> krebs cycle -> ETC
-end result: 38 ATP

Front 10

Glucose Catabolism:
Anaerobic Conditions:
-Processes?
-End Result?

Back 10

-glycolysis (makes 2 pyruvates) -> fermentation
-end result: 2 ATP (from glycolysis)

Front 11

Glucose Catabolism:
Entner-Duodoroff Pathway

Back 11

only occurs in prokarotic cells

Front 12

Frederick Griffith Experiment

Back 12

-R strain = mouse lives
-S strain = mouse dies
-heat-killed S strain = mouse lives
-heat-killed S strain + R strain = mouse dies
-demonstrates transformation

Front 13

Transformation
-Mechanism?
-Natural Transformation?

Back 13

-competent bacterial cells pick up naked ss DNA fragments from dead cells (facilitated by DNA binding prots) and incorporate them into its genome (facilitated by Rec A protein)
-nat. transfrmtn.: in adverse conditions, bact develop ability to pick up DNA from environment

Front 14

Conjugation:
-Mechanism

Back 14

-F+ extends pilus to create cell-cell contact with F- and genetic transfer occurs

*note: can transfer entire chromosome

Front 15

Conjugation:
-F Plasmid?
-High Frequency Recombination cell?

Back 15

-F plasmid has gene for sex pilus; R plasmid has a drug resistance gene
-Hfr cells have F plasmid incorporated into chromosome

Front 16

Transduction:
-Mechanism?
-Generalized vs. Specialized?

Back 16

-mediated by bacteriophages
-generalized: any host gene can be trnsfred; results from lytic cycle
-specialized: only specific host genes are trnsfred; results from lytic and lysogenic cycle

Front 17

Transposition:
-Mechanism?
-Transposon structure

Back 17

-transfer of genetic material within a cell; transposons (jumping genes) can change position on a genome or be transferred b/w different DNA molecules
-structure: palindromic sequences at ends; insertion sequence with transposase gene and/or antibiotic resistance gene

Front 18

Common Targets of Antibiotics (4 differences b/w eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)

Back 18

-cell wall (only in bact)
-DNA condensation mech (DNA gyrase in bact)
-txn (RNA pol II in euk. vs RNA pol in bact)
-trnslation (50S, 30S in bact)

Front 19

Steps of Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Back 19

1. 4 AAs (tetrapeptide) attached ot NAM in cytosol
2. ^ attached to bactoprenol
3. NAG is attached
4. monomer is transported to periplasmic spc thru bactoprenol
5. autolysis break glycosidic bonds b/w peptidoglycan monomers and pentaglycine peptide x-bridges linking rows of sugars in existing peptidoglycan
5. transglycosylase forms bonds b/w new monomer and NAG/NAMs of existing peptidoglycan
6. transpeptidase reforms pentaclycine peptide x-links b/w rows

Front 20

DNA Condensation:
-Condensation Enzyme?
-Decondensation Enzyme?

Back 20

-condensation: DNA gryrase
-decondensation: topoisomerase IV

Front 21

Bacterial RNA Polymerase Subunits:
-Number?
-Vs. Eukaryotic RNA Pol?

Back 21

-4 subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta)
-euk RNA Pol has 12 subunits