Bacteria

Front 1

mycobacterium vaccae

Back 1

microbe found in soil which as been found to imporove depression in mice by:

*cytokines

*releasing seratonin

*elevating mood, lessening anxiety

Front 2

streptomyces (actinomyces)

Back 2

produces the "earthy" smell

*terpenes geosmin and methyisoborneol in spores what are released when soil dries out

Front 3

How many bacteria deposit onto the human body every hour? Of this number, how many are from other humans?

Back 3

37 million, 18%

Front 4

Propionibacterineae

Back 4

Most abundant bacteria found in study of airborne bacterial concentrations

Front 5

Define microbiology and list its two goals.

Back 5

Def: study of living things too small to be seen. Goals: 1) Understanding basic life processes, 2) Applying that knowledge to the benefit of humans

Front 6

What is a microorganism?

Back 6

A single-celled microscopic organism. Including viruses.

Front 7

Where were the world's oldest fossil bacteria found? How old were they?

Back 7

Pilbara, Western Australia. 3.49 bya.

Sulfur-based cyanobacteria.

Front 8

Bacillus permians

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Bacteria whose spores were revived after being dormant for 250 million years

Front 9

What are some microbiological consequences of ancient glaciers melting?

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*largest virus ever found

*bacteria in suspended animation

*cells and carbon defrosting and becoming decomposing organic matter, generate CO2 and CH4

*introduction of novel genomes from frozen microbes to the current population; current host populations (when we think about viruses) may not have been exposed to the new virus genomes that evolved in the ice

Front 10

Why is the water originating from the subglacial lake under Taylor glacier blood red?

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*The water under Taylor glacier is so salty that it doesn't freeze and has no exposure to sunlight or oxygen. The water is high in iron due to the glacier scraping iron from the bedrock below, and when this iron comes into contact with the air, it rusts.

*Microbes under the glacier get their energy from breaking apart sulfates, which contain oxygen

*The sulfur by-products are regenerated by iron, so the microbes basically have a constant energy supply to use again and again

Front 11

LakeGrimsvotn

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Deep subglacial lake kept liquid by volcano beneath it

Front 12

Lake Vostok

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Largest subglacial lake

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Lake Whillans

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*800meters below W. Antarctic ice sheet

*3,931 types of bacteria and Archaea found

*1million years since sunlight reached there

Front 14

How might microbes found in subglacial lakes such as those found in Lake Whillans obtain their energy?

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*These cold-loving bacteria might absorb carbon dioxide found in the water, using energy from chemicals released by geothermal activity rather than sunlight

*Also might metabolize ammonium from nutrient-rich sediment from animals that lived and died in the lake over the years

*Metabolize iron or sulfur from rocks

*Extract C from CO2 (like plants)

Front 15

What is Pitch Lake?

Back 15

*a lake located in Trinidad made of asphalt and filled with hydrocarbon gases

*microbes live in tiny droplets of water in the tar

*most abundant: Burkholderia

Front 16

Burkholderia

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*found in Pitch lake in tiny water droplets

*Methanotrophs, halobacterium

Front 17

Discuss the microbiological life at Berkeley Pit Lake in Montana.

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*used to be a copper mine, now filled with toxic water

*unique chemical compounds found in the water

*contains a chemocline

*microorganisms found here produce toxic compounds for defense

*microbes here have shown promise in killing cancer cells

Front 18

tersicoccus phoenicius

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Found in NASA clean rooms-- survive chemical cleaning, UV rays, etc

Front 19

How can bacteria affect the weather?

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*boost the production of greenhouse gases by degrading organic pollutants to CO2

*gives ice crystals a place to nucleate

Front 20

List the three main habitats of microbes.

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1. Soil

2. Sea

3. Soil subsurface

Front 21

What are included in the term "microbiota"?

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bacteria, archaea, viruses, prions, single-cell eukaryotes

Front 22

What is the relationship between the historic trend in the atmosphere's oxygen content and the diversification of eukaryotic organisms?

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Sponges all the way to vertebrates only evolved in less than the last 1billion of the Earth's 4.6 billion years, corresponding to increasing O2 concentration

Front 23

Hydroides elegans

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Marine tubeworm that utilizes bacterial genes to complete metamorphosis from free-swimming larva to anchored juvenile

Front 24

Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea

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Bacteria whose genes are utilized by H. elegans in metamorphosis

Front 25

Termite gut

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Contains organisms from bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Microbes allow the termites to break down lignocellulose in wood. Cellulolyticgut flagellates are what first allowed termites to digest wood

Front 26

Microbe communication

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*interspecies, intraspecies, and interdomain communication

*communication between host and microbe maintains delicate balance of associations between millions of organisms (ex. NO from host)

Front 27

muropeptides

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signals between bacteria and eukaryotic microbiota in pathogenic and symbiotic interactions

Front 28

Why is ecology important to our understanding of developmental and physiological signaling?

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Looking at it from an ecological perspective allows us to view these interactions as occurring within a complex host-microbe ecosystem

*successional assembly

*diversity analysis

*ex. babies born vaginally have a different set of microbes than those born through caesarean section

Front 29

Why are microbes essential to animal metabolism?

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Animals can only perform fermentation and aerobic respiration, so they depend on bacteria for other vital energy-harvesting and biomolecule recycling processes

Front 30

lithotrophy

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harvesting of inorganic energy sources to fix CO2

Front 31

hydrothermal vents

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*chemoautotrophic symbionts provide organic nutrients for a host of organisms

*instead of being driven by sunlight, the primary productivity of these systems is driven by sulfide, hydrogen, methane, etc.

Front 32

curvularia protuberata

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fungal endophtye which confers the ability for panic grass Dichanthelium lanuginosum to grow in soils >50C. Requires Curvularia thermal tolerance virus (CThTv) to be able to confer this ability

Front 33

How large are most bacteria?

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1-10 um

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How big is the smallest known bacteria?

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0.2 um

Front 35

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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*largest known bacteria: 0.75-1mm

*large size comes from vacuole that stores nitrate which they break down with sulfur to survive

Front 36

Epulopiscium fishcelsoni

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*largest bacteria until thiomargarita was found

*reside in surgeonfish guts

*membrane convolutions to increase surface area

*changes pH of host gut

Front 37

Nanoarchaeumequitans

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*one of the smallest bacteria at 400 nm

*thermophilic obligatory symbiont on Igniococcus

Front 38

Microplasma genitalium

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*smallest known organism capable of independent growth and reproduction; 200-300 nm

Front 39

What might be some reasons why we aren't always able to culture bacteria in the lab?

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*bacteria live in communities, so they lose this benefit when they are isolated in culture

*it might be hard to know the exact environment that they require; do they have exposure to all the chemicals they need?

*bacteria might be or become dormant once exposed to stressful conditions

Front 40

teixobacin

Back 40

new antibiotic discovered through the use of the iChip