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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proteobacteria (phylum) |
E.g. Escherichia, salmonella, vibrio, pseudomonas, neisseria, rickettsia, gram -ve |
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Bacteroidetes (phylum) |
E.g bacteroides, g. -ve |
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Spirochaetes |
E.g. Treponema, g. -ve |
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Escherichia |
Rod Facultative Model organism Peritrichous flagella |
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E. coli |
Normal gut flora -make v. K Some food/water-borne pathogenic strains Virulence factors - endotoxin (lipid A) - enterotoxin |
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Salmonella |
Facultative Rod Pathogenic in humans Peritrichous flagella |
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S. typhi |
Causes typhoid fever -water borne Virulence -lipid A -enterotoxin -cytotoxin |
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Vibrio |
Facultative Curved rod Likes shallow saltwater environment Polar flagellum Pili bundles |
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V. cholerae |
Causes cholera Virulence -exotoxin (cholera toxin) -attacks gut ion channels |
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Pseudomonas |
Aerobic Polar flagellum Ubiquitous Opportunistic pathogen >6mb genome -allows for versatility |
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P. aeruginosa |
Nosocomial infection -pathogenic when gets into raw flesh Antibiotic resistance Virulence -haemolysin -proteases |
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Neisseria |
Aerobic Dipplococci Lives in mucous membranes Virulence -fimbriae for attachment to cilia -capsule Contains pathogenic species, normally normal flora |
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N. meningitidis |
Causes meningitis -often mistaken for cold/flu Rapidly progressing disease CSF analysis needed |
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Rickettsia |
Aerobic Coccobacilli Host dependent -degenerate genome Closely related to mitochondria Uses arthropods as vectors |
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R. prowazekii |
Causes typhus -infectious -hugh mortality -fever, rash Virulence factors -vector transmission -adhesin -phospholipase |
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Bacteroides |
Anaerobic Rod Gut flora -most abundant Opportunistic pathogen Non motile |
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B. fragellis |
Pathogen if it escapes the gut -e.g. ulcers Virulence -capsule -antibiotic resistance Can use HGT to transfer resistance genes -sit in chromosome, can be moved -NOT PLASMIDS |
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Treponema |
Anaerobic Spirochaetes Host dependent Corkscrew motility |
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T. pallidum |
Causes syphilis Progressive ulceration of skin and mental destabilization Cannot be grown in vitro |
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Chlamydiae (phylum) |
E.g chlamydia, gram -ve |
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Chlamydia |
Heterotroph Aerobic Cocci Obligate parasite |
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C. Trachomatis |
Causes urethritis, trachoma (eye infection) ATP dependent on host Fly vectors Virulence -no peptidoglycan -major drug target, has resistance |
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Firmicutes (RODS) |
E.g. lactobacillus, bacillus, clostridium, gram +ve |
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Lactobacillus |
Facultative Heterotroph Gut flora Non sporing Involved in food production/ fermentation - cheese, yoghurt Probiotic |
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Bacillus |
Ubiquitous (esp in soil) Facultative Heterotroph Endospores |
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B. anthracis |
Causes anthrax Zoonotic (animal to human transmission) Spores used for bioterrorism Virulence - exotoxin Protective antigen creates a pore, edema factor and lethal factor enter, cause toxicity |
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Clostridium |
Anaerobic Endospores Lives in soil, human/animal gut Pathogenic strains -potent exotoxins |
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C. tetani |
Causes tetanus Requires puncture wounds (anaerobic growth) Source disease (not contagious) Virulence - tetanospasm
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Firmicutes (COCCI) |
E.g. staphylococcus, streptococcus, gram +ve |
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Staphylococcus |
Facultative Heterotroph Clusters Habitat - notmal skin/nose flora - wound infection (nosocomial) Tough cell wall - resistant Salt resistance Red/yellow species (aureus) |
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S. aureus |
Opportunistic pathogen Open wound infection -boils, impetigo,tocic shock Resistant hospital strains Virulence -exotoxin -coagulase -coagulates plasma |
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Streptococcus |
Chains Facultative Normal mouth/gut flora Beneficial and pathogenic species |
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S.pneumoniae |
Causes partial haemolysis on blood agar Virulence -capsule -haemolysin |
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Actinobacteria |
E.g. strepyomyces, mycobacterium, gram +ve |
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Streptomyces |
Aerobic Filamentous Non pathogenic Abundant in soil Exospores Can make antibiotics |
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S. caelicolor |
Large genome (9000mb) Linear chromosome and plasmid Also a circular plasmid Lots of metabolites -iron chelators -Actinorhodin (antibiotic) |
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Mycobacterium |
Aerobic Rod Myolic acids in cell wall -waxy -acid resistant, dessication Pathogenic |
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M. tuberculosis |
Slow progressing Obligate pathogen Chronic lung infection Big 3 killer Fastidious Virulence -waxy cell wall |
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Basidiomycota |
Club Fungi Mushrooms, toadstools, some yeasts, etc Dikaryotic fruiting body extends from microscopic, filamentous mycelium Spores form in gills of basidium via karyogamy and meiosis for dissemination |
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Amanita Muscaria |
red/white toadstool Mating from hyphael fusion between compatible mating types - forms basidium |
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Ascomycota |
Ascus (sac) holds spores e.g. Neospora (model organism) Asexual and sexual reprod. - dikaryotic fusion to karyogamy to meisosis Mating structures - antheridium - ascogonium |
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Glomeromycota |
Plant symbionts -obligate biotrophs -live between cell wall and plasma membrane of root cells- forms shrub like protrusion -MICORRHIZAE - mutualism/ cooperation - fungi is provided w/ carbohydrates - plant receives nutrients, protection |
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Zygomycota |
Saprotrophs Some parasitic species - antifungal resistant.. so BAD - opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients (e.g AIDS) Commercial uses - birth control - food colouring Polyphyletic Rhizopus causes food spoilage |
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Chytridmycota |
Simplest fungi microscopic - unicellular OR a small mass Motile zoospores w/ single whiplash flagellum produced. Involved in decline of frogs (eats keratin) |
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Microsporidia |
Obligate parasites in immunosuppressed humans Free living spore - contains a spring-like structure - inserts contents of spore into host cell |
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Cryptomycota |
Lack cell walls (acellular) Ubiquitous in water - control eukaryotic pop. endoparasites |
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Choanoflagelletes (class) |
Single, celled aquatic protists Lack chloroplasts (heterotrophic) collar of microvilli surround a single flagella closest single celled relative to metazoans - model for evolutionary history and eukaryotic biology Filter 10-25% of coastal water daily |
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Dictyostelium (genus of the phylum amoebozoa) |
Single celled Slime molds Feed on bacteria and yeast Secrete cAMP to trigger aggregation of amoebas when food scarce -"slug like" biomass, motile (pseudopodia) - differentiates into sorocarp (base, stalk, head) - spores form and are disseminated |
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Archaeplastida (supergroup) |
Red/ green algae and plants Freshwater and unicellular algae (glaucophytes) Photosynthetic |
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Clamydomonas (genus of archaeplastida) |
Model organism for green algae Sexual and asexual reproduction - gametes mate -> zygote -> meiosis -> motile zoospores released |
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Alveolates (group) |
Marine symbionts and all animal parasites ciliates (e.g. paramecium) Dinoflagelletes Ampicomplexans |
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Dinoflagelletes (phylum) |
2 flagella - longitudinal and transverse Photosynthetic common marine symbionts (zooxanthellae) - e.g. coral - intracellular, lose flagella. Provide photosynthate+ fix calcium carbonate exoskeleton in return for nitrogen, shelter. Harmful algal blooms - Population explosions - produce neurotoxin (saxitoxin) - Accumulates in shellfish -> eaten -> paralytic shellfish poisoning - triggered by env. stressors (e.g. pollution) |
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Ampicomplexans (phylum) |
ALL animal parasites - plasmodium (malaria), toxoplasma, crytposporidium etc Increasingly drug resistant Eukaryotic= more difficult to treat (drug targets) Can have greatly complex and specialized life cycles which can add to it's difficulty to treat Apical complex - penetrates host cells Apicoplast - relic plastid- once photosynthetic? |
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Diatoms (class of the phylum stramenophiles) |
Photosynthetic Photoautotrophic - some facultatively chemoheterotrophic Live in freshwater Fix up to 30-40% of carbon (oxygen cont.) Frustule (silica cell wall) - cell rep. takes place in hypotheca - therefore, daughter diatom/ hypotheca smaller - when hypotheca reaches 30% of original size, sexual reproduction is triggered |
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oomycetes (class of phylum stramenophiles) |
Not photosynthetic Decomposers and plant pathogens -e.g. phytophthora infestans i.e. blight (irish potato famine) Do not infect people - except if EXTREMELY immunocompromised |
