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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 2 major parts of a typical vertebra?
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Body & arch
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What space is formed by the arch and the body of the vertebra?
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Vertebral foramen
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List the 7 processes of a typical vertebra.
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1 spine, 2 transverse processes, 4 articular processes (2 cr. & 2 ca.)
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Where to the spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?
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Intervertebral foramen
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What is formed by all the vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae?
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Vertebral canal
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All mammals (man included) have how many cervical vertebrae?
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7
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What is the first cervical vertebrae?
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Altas
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With what does the atlas articulate?
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Occipital condyles of skull
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What are the large lateral masses of the atlas?
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Wings of atlas (transverse processes)
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What is the name of the second cervical vertebrae?
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Axis
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What is the peg-like process on the axis that forms a pivot articulation with the atlas?
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Dens
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What is the large ventral projection of the sixth cervical vertebra?
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Transverse process ("sled")
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What is the thoracic vertebra with the most vertically oriented spine?
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Anticlinal vertebra, usually T11 in dog
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What is the articulation between the sacrum and the hip bones?
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Sacroiliac joint
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How man ylumbar vertebrae to carnivores have?
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7
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What is the joint formed by the atlas and the skull?
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Altanto-occipital joint, "yes" joint
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The articulation of the axis with the atlas is known as the______ joint.
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Altanto-axial joint, "no" joint
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What are the functional classifications of joints?
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Immovable, slightly movable & freely movable
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name the fibrocartlages between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
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Intervertebral discs
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What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?
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Annulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus
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What elastic connective tissue structure attaches the 1st thoracic spine to the spine of the axis (C2) in the dog?
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Nuchal ligament
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Where is the dorsal longitudinal ligament located?
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On floor of vertebral canal, dorsal to bodies
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What elastic tissue fills the dorsal space (interarcuate space) between the arches of adjacent vertebrae?
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Ligamentum flavum, interarcuate or yellow ligament
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What are the 2 paired "strap muscles" of the neck?
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Sternohyoideus & sternothyroideus
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What muscles bound the external jugular vein?
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Brachiocephalicus & sternocephalicus mm.
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Name the muscles extending from the sternum to the head.
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Sternocephalicus m.
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What muscles are above the transverse processes of the vertebrae?
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Epxaial mm.
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name the 2 major epxaxial muscles of the back.
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Iliocostalis & longissimus mm.
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What vessels join to form the external jugular vein?
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Linguofacial & maxillary vv.
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Where is the espohagus located in the middle of the neck?
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On left
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What is the gland just caudal to the larynx on the trachea?
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Thyroid gland
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What is the large lymh node structure lateral to the larynx/pharynx?
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Medial retro pharyngeal lymph node
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What happens to the thymus with age?
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Involutes
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What is the part of the hyoid apparatus crossing the midline?
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Basihyoid bone
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What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?
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Brain & spinal cord
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What are the parts of the periperal nervous system?
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Cranial & spinal nerves & ganglia
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What are the 2 impulses of the nervous system?
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Sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent)
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What are the 2 types of neurons of the somatic (skeletal muscle/skin) motor nervous system?
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UMN & LMN
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What are carried in the ascending and descendling tracts of the spinal cord?
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Ascending: sensory; descending: motor
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Functionally, what does the somatic nervous system do?
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Conscious voluntary motor from & sensory to CNS to skeletal muscles
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Which functional division of the nervous system keeps the body in balance with its external andinternal environment respectively?
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External: somatic; internal: autonomic
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How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) work?
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Carries involuntary motor to & sensory from CNS to smooth& cardic mm. and glands
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What are aggregations of nerve cell bodies in the CNS? PNS?
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CNS: nucleus; PNS: ganglia
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What is gray matter?
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Part of the nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies
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What is white matter?
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Part of nervous tissue consistly mainly of myelinated nerve fibers
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What is a nerve?
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A bundle of nerve processes outside CNS
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What are nerve tracts or fasciculi?
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Nerve fiber bundles of common origin in brain and spinal cord
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Name the 5 divisions of the spinal cord.
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral & caudal
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Where do a pair of spinal nerves arise?
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Spinal cord segment
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What is the central "H"-shaped mass of a spinal cord section?
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Grey matter (cell bodies give color)
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Of what does white matter of the spinal cord consist?
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Myelinated axons running up & down cord
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What are ascending tracks of the spinal cord and what do they carry?
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Myelinated afferent axons, sensory information
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What are the descedning tracks of the spinal cord and what do they carry?
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Myelinated axons and upper motor neurons (UMNs), motor fibers
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What is the tapered terminal end of the spinal cord?
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Conus medullaris
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What structure is formed by the nerves leaving the caudal spinal cord to exit caudally?
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Cauda equina
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Do spinal nerves carry lower or upper motor neurons?
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LMN
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What do UMN connect?
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Higher centers (brain) with LMN
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What is the function of proprioceptive fibers?
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Sense position of body parts to each other & to environment
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How is proprioception evaluated clinically?
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postural reactions (eg. knuckle paw)
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What is a dermatome? Autonomous zone?
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Area of skin innervated by a nerve, only 1 spinal nerve respectively
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What are upper (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN)?
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LMN: leave CNS as peripheral nerves, UMN: in CNS affect LMN
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Under normal conditions what is the function of the UMNs in descending tracts?
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Inhibit LMN activity
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LMNs are ______ _____without the input of UMNs.
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Spontaneously active
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What type of nerve fibers do the dorsal and ventral roots contain?
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Dorsal: sensory; ventral: motor
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What forms the spinal nerve? Into what do spinal nerves divide?
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Roots (dors.& ventr.), branches (dors. & ventr.)
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How do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?
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Through intervertebral foramen
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How do fibers in the spinal cord communicate with the periphery?
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By dorsal and ventral branches
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What spinal nerve branches supply sensation from the skin of the abdominal wall?
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Dorsal: upper flank (including area below transverse processes), ventral: rest
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Ventral branches of spinal nerves interlace to form _____
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Plexuses
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What plexus supplies some of the extrinsic and all of the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb?
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Brachial plexus
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Plexuses are formed by the ventral branches of spinal nerves in every region except which?
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Thorax (except T1-T2)
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The ventral branches of thoracic nerves T3-T13 do not form a plexus, but pass in the intercostal space as_____nerves.
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Intercostal nn.
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What plexus supplies the abdonimal wall, pelvic limb, external genitalia, rump and perineum?
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Lumbosacral plexus
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What are meninges?
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3 connective tissue seaths surrounding CNS (brain & spinal cord)
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List the meninges from outer to inner.
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Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater
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List the spaces that are related to the meninges.
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Epidural: between dura mater& periosteum, Subdural: potential space between dura mater & arachnoid, Subarachnoid space: between arachnoid & pia (CSF)
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In what space does CSF circulate in?
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Subarachnoid space
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What is contained in the lumbar cistern?
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CSF
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What distinguishes all thoracic vertebrae from other vertebrae?
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Articular facets (fovea) for ribs
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What is the vertebral formular for carnivores?
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C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca n
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What is a sacral crest?
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Fused spinous processes of sacrum
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What characterizes the lumbar vertebrae?
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Largeness, long plate-like transverse processes & no costal facets
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Where are the costal fovea of the vertebrae located?
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Cranial and caudal vertebral bodies & transverse processes
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Of what does a typical intervertebral articulation consist?
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Symphyseal (intervertebral disc) + synovial (cr. & ca. articular processes)
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How much motion do individual intervertebral joints allow? All of the joints of soinal column?
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little motion; great motion
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What connective tissue caps the spinous processes of the back?
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Supraspinous ligament
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What long connective tissue band is on the ventral spinal column?
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Ventral longitudinal ligament
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What structures are related to strap muscles?
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Superficially skin, deep trachea
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Name the muscle extending fro the sternum to the head.
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Sternocephalicus m.
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What forms "envelopes" around the muscles of the neck?
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Deep fascia of neck
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What is thoracolumbar fascia?
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Deep fascia of thoracolumbar region of back
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What muscles attach thoracic limb to other parts of the body?
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Extrinsic muscles of thoracic limb
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What muscles are below the vertebrae's transverse processes?
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Hypaxial mm.
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Where is the carotid artery located?
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Beside the trahcea in carotid sheath
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What is the direct continuation of the median sacral artery ventral in the tail and passing through the hemal arches?
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Median caudal a.
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What glandular structures are under the omotransversarius muscles just cranial to the shoulder?
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Superficial cervical lymph node
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List two important structures enclosed in the carotid sheath.
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Common carotid a. & vagosympathetic trunk (also internal jugular v., tracheal lymphatic ducts, recurrent laryngeal n.)
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What is the musculocartilaginous structure at the proximal end of the trachea?
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Larynx
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What are the small, white structures embedded in the thyroid gland?
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Parathyroid gland
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What is the gland just caudal to the larynx on the trachea?
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Thyroid gland
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What is the cartilaginous tube deep to strap muscles?
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Trachea
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Describe the relationship of the esphagus to the trachea.
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Dorsal to larynx & trachea, mid-neck: left; thoracic inlet & thorax dorsal position
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How is the nervous system organized segmentally?
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Spinal & cranial nn. and segments of CNS from which they arise
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What do afferent neurons carry?
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Sensory (afferent) info. fro periphery to CNS
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What is the skeletal m. efferent system of the nervous system?
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Motor (efferent) nn. from higher to lower CNS & from CNS to periphery
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Where are upper motor neurons located?
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In CNS (brain&spinal cord), descending to synapse on LMN
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Where are lower motor neurons located?
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Extending away from spinal cord & brain to muscles (they form nerves)
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Into what is the white matter of the spinal cord divided?
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Into columns or funiculi
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What are the descedning tracts of the spinal cord and what do they carry?
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Myelinated axons of upper motor neurons, motor fibers
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Within which vertebra do sacral segments 1-3 lie?
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5th lumbar vertebrae
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What causes the spinal cord to be shorter than the vertebral canal?
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Differential growth rate
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Why don't all spinal cord segments lie "over" the corresponding vertebral body?
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Spinal cord stops growing before vertebral column does
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What demarcates a spinal cord segment?
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Pair of spinal nn. arising from it
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Does the musculocutaneous nerve carry UMN or LMN?
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LMN
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What does the efferent neuron of a reflex arc connect?
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Spinal cord with muscles or glands
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The lower motor neuron can be _____ active.
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Spontaneously
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What are UMNs?
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Neurons connecting brain with LMNs
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What do UMNs connect?
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Higher centers (brain) with UMN
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Where are upper motor neuron fibers of the spinal cord located?
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passing in descending motor tracts
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What is the function of most UMNs?
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Inhibit spontaneous activity of LMN until an action is desired
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What do UMNs do when a specific action is desired?
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Stimulate LMN of reflex arcs to produce a programmed action
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What are the ascending sensory tracts of the spinal cord?
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Sensory (afferent) fibers passing up cord to higher centers in cord & brain
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What type of information do sensory (afferent) neurons carry?
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Pain, temperature, touch, pressure & proprioception
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Where are the receptors of proprioceptive fibers located?
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Muscles, tendons & joints
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Over what structures do proprioceptive fibers travel?
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Peripheral nn., spinal cord, brain stem to cerebellum &cerebrum
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What does the cerebral cortex do with proprioceptive info?
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Interprets & sends motor info. to reflex arcs to adjust posture
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The _____ uses proprioceptive information to coordinate posture and movement.
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Cerebellum
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Where is the lesion of proprioceptive is lost?
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Peripheral n., spinal cord, brain stem to cerebrum or cerebellum
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What structures carry superficial and deep pain sensory fibers?
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Peripheral n., spinal cord, brain stem & cerebrum
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How can knowing the spinal segments innervating myotomes and dermatomes be used clinically?
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Used to localize lesions
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Where are the cell bodies of a UMNs & LMNs located? Where are the axons of the upper and lower motor neurons?
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In the brain & spinal cord, respectively
UMN: brain &spinal cord; LMN: periphery |
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What is the path of LMNs?
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Leave CNS over ventral roots & spinal n. or cranial nn. to periphery
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What the motor parts of reflex arcs?
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LMN
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For what are UMNs responsible?
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Initiating & maintaining conscious movements & for tone in extensor muscles to maintain posture
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Where do UMNs project?
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Down descedning motor tracts onto LMNs, directly or through interneurons
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The excitatory UMNs, under normal condition are kept____.
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Inactive
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What is the swelling if the dorsal root and what does it contain?
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Dorsal root ganglion, sensory nerve cell bodies--pseudounipolar
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What are the 2 main branches of spinal nerves? What do they carry?
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Dorsal and ventral branches; mixed motor& sensory fibers
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Where do spinak erves leave the vertebral canal?
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Through intervertebral foramina cuadal to vertebrae of same number except in cervical region
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What nerves are motor to the ventral cervical region except the sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus?
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Ventral branches of cervical nerves 2-6
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What is formed by ventral branches of C6-T2 which pass ventral to scalenus muscle?
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Brachial plexus
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What never passes caudally on the side of neck to innervate the trapezius muscle? Give 2 names for this nerve.
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Accessory or spinal accessory or cranial nerve 11
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What spinal branch connects the spinal nerve to the autonomic nervous system?
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Communicating branches
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What are the 3 main branches of spinal nerves?
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Dorsal, ventral, communicating
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What important nerve arrises from the brachial plexus to supply the diaphragm?
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Phrenic n.
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What nerve travels along the dorsal border of the omotransversarius m.?
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Accessory n. (CrN 11)
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What fills the epidural space?
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Loose connective tissue, fat & blood vessels
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What fills the subdural space?
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Potential space between dura mater & arachnoid--nothing
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What fills the subarachnoid space?
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CSF
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What cavity is between the dura mater and the vertebral canal wall?
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Epidural space
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What are the lateral extensions of the pia mater out to the dura mater between successive nerve origins/rootlets?
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Denticulate ligament (anchor cord laterally)
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What is the fibrous cord derived from the pia mater extending from the conus through the rest of vertebral canal?
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Filum terminale
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How is the spinal cord anchored cranially?
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Dura mater continuous with periosteum at the foramen magnum
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What is formed by the dura mater and arachnoid extending further caudally then the conus medullaris?
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Lumbar cistern (CSF)
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