Bac For Test Reviem

Front 1

Mot / Path diphtheria

Back 1

Habitat in the human throat. Droplet infection. Inhaled, attach to throat, cause inflammation & exudate. Causes lysis of epithelium lining throat, becomes covered with tough greyish pseudomembrane. Exotoxin can lead to hreart failure or paralysis.

Front 2

Clinical findings - diphtheria

Back 2

Corynebacterium diphtheriae - greyish pseudomembrane in throat, can dislodge in young children and obst. airway - death.

Front 3

Treatment - diphtheria

Back 3

Corynebacterium diphtheriae - immidiate antitoxin. penicillin

Front 4

Prevention - diphtheria

Back 4

Corynebacterium diphtheriae - imm. by Diphtheria toxoid (DTaP) as child.

Front 5

Listeria monocytogenes - describe

Back 5

GP NSF rod

Front 6

Listeria monocytogenes - disease

Back 6

gastroenteritis

Front 7

MOT / Path - Listeria monocytogenes

Back 7

gastroenteritis - Org. found in soil and herd animals, ingestion of cont. meats, dairy (even icecream), veggi cont. by animal manure. Psychrophile - withstand cold. immunocom. are at risk. mothers pass to children through placenta - spont abortion.

Front 8

Clinical findings - Listeria monocytogenes

Back 8

gastroenteritis - watery diahrrhea, fever, abdominal cramps.

Front 9

Prevention - Listeria monocytogenes

Back 9

gastroenteritis - prop food handling/prep.; avoid unpast. dairy;

Front 10

Treatment - Listeria monocytogenes

Back 10

gastroenteritis - antibiotics (Apicillin)

Front 11

Enteric - define

Back 11

From the intestines

Front 12

Enterobacteriaceae - define

Back 12

Family of GN rods found in colons of animals and humansas normal flora. (ENTERIC)

Front 13

Enterobacteriaceae - 4 common features

Back 13

Facultative anaerobes, non-spore forming; Oxidase negative (lack cytochrome oxidase enzyme); ferment glucose; variable in ability to ferment lactose

Front 14

Escherichia coli - describe

Back 14

Enteric GN rod

Front 15

E. coli - disease

Back 15

UTI, gastroenteritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Front 16

MT / path UTI

Back 16

E. coli - improper wiping or douching in women leads to ascending infection from urethra to bladder. Also indwelling catheters.

Front 17

nosocomial

Back 17

arises in hospital from treatment.

Front 18

MT/path - gastroenteritis from E. coli

Back 18

fecal - oral, from strains we are not used to in foreign areas, adhere to mucosa and make enterotoxin

Front 19

MT/Path - hemolytic - uremic syndrome

Back 19

E. Coli: strain 017:H7 - as in gastroenteritis, comes from undercooked meats and petting zoos, but this starin produces another toxin that causes bloody diarrhea via hemolysis of red blood cells, thee can clog tubes and shut down kidneys - uremia - kidney failure

Front 20

Clinical findings - UTI

Back 20

E. coli - urine frequency and burning sensation

Front 21

clinical findings - gastroenteritis

Back 21

E. coli - watery diarrhea

Front 22

Clinical findings - hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Back 22

E. coli - uremia (renal kidney failure) from hemolysis of large # of red blood cells

Front 23

Treatment - UTI

Back 23

E. Coli - Antibiotic (Sulafa or Quinolones)

Front 24

Treatment - gastroenteritis

Back 24

self limiting

Front 25

Prevention - E. Coli

Back 25

prompt catheter removal, proper douching, avoid unclean water/ uncooked foood, frequent hand washing

Front 26

Salmonella enteritidis - describe

Back 26

Enteric GN rod

Front 27

Salmonella enteritidis - disease

Back 27

gastroenteritis

Front 28

MOT / PAth gatroenteritis from salmonella

Back 28

fecal - oral, humans - recovering or chronic carriers shed in stools; animal - eggs and chicken, pets (dogs, iguana), bacteria invade epithelium and of S&L intestine causing inflammation

Front 29

Treatment - Salmonella enteritidis

Back 29

gastroenteritis - self limiting. fluid and electrolyte replacement

Front 30

Prevention - Salmonella enteritidis

Back 30

gastroenteritis: public health - proper sewage disposal, water treatment, pools. Personal hygene - hand washing, proper food prep (eggs)

Front 31

Causes of Gastroenteritis

Back 31

E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Campylobacter jujuni, Listeria monocytogenes,

Front 32

Which Salmonella does not cause diarrhea?

Back 32

Salmonella typhi - causes typhus

Front 33

In _________ bacteria are classified by ______________.

Back 33

Bergey's Manual / morphological characteristics

Front 34

Staphylococcus aureus - disease

Back 34

skin infections such as abcesses, conjunctivitis, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, Staphyloccoal scalded skin syndrome, and nonsocomial sepsis

Front 35

Staphylococcus aureus - describe

Back 35

Gram-Positive cocci

Front 36

Staphylococcus aureus - MOT / pathology

Back 36

Normal habitat on skin, in nose and sometimes vagina. Transmission by hands or contaminated fomites. Must enter through breaks in skin. Bacteria cause local inflammation or infection resulting in localized lesions such as abscesses or they can produce toxins such as enterotoxin, TSS toxin, or SSSS toxin.

Front 37

MOT / Path - Food poisoning

Back 37

Staphylococcus aureus- Enterotoxin - results in food poisoning (inflammation in GI track) (vomiting and watery nonbloody diarreha. Food is contaminated and then left at room temp or stored improperly. Staph forms toxin and ingestion of PREFORMED toxin results in FP (incubation of 1-8hrs).

Front 38

MOT / path - TSS

Back 38

Staphylococcus aureus - TSS toxin - tampons left in too long with staph on them - bacteia reproduce locally, form toxin which enters blood strream. causes fever hypotention and shock.

Front 39

MOT / path - SSSS

Back 39

Staphylococcus aureus - Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome - SSSS toxin - bacteria enters skin and produce toxin, large vescicles form over the skin and eventually peel off.

Front 40

Clinical Findings - SSSS

Back 40

Stphylococcus aureus - Extensive areas of large bullae that exfolliate on the skin all over the body.

Front 41

Clinical Findings - Food poisoning

Back 41

Stphylococcus aureus - Vomiting and watery diarrhea in FP.

Front 42

Clinical Findings - Staphylococcus aureus infection

Back 42

Localized boils or abscesses on skin.

Front 43

Clinical Findings - TSS

Back 43

pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, high fever, hypotension and shock.

Front 44

Staphylococcus aureus - prevention

Back 44

Hand washing, good hygene, proper food storage, frequent tampon change.

Front 45

Staphylococcus aureus - treatment

Back 45

Penicillin, methicillin for pen. resistant, vancomycin for meth. resistant (MRSA, VRSA must undergo culture and sensitivity testing (rifampin, gentamicin, ot tetracyclene are possible choices.

Front 46

Streptococcus pyogenes - describe

Back 46

Gram-Positive cocci

Front 47

Streptococcus pyogenes - disease

Back 47

Pharyngitis (Strep.), Scarlet fever, necrotising fascitis, puerperal sepsis (women giving birth).

Front 48

MOT / pathology of STRP throat

Back 48

Streptococcus pyogenes - Droplet infection leads to strep. (Strep lives in throat and on skin - cause disease when it gains access to ttissue or blood). Adhere to mucosa of pharynx by pili and if they multiply they cause inflammation (strep).

Front 49

MOT/Path - rheumatic fever

Back 49

Streptococcus pyogenes - Infection spreads from throat (STREP) to heart.

Front 50

MOT/Path scarlet fever

Back 50

Streptococcus pyogenes - Bacteria living in throat produce a toxin that enters bloodstream and causes SF

Front 51

MOT/ Path necrotizing fasciitis

Back 51

Streptococcus pyogenes - bacteria adhere to skin wounds and produce hemolytic enzyme that destroys tissue.

Front 52

MOT / Path puerperal sepsis

Back 52

Streptococcus pyogenes - bacteria introduced to uterus during childbirth and when placenta peels off it can put toxins into the blood.

Front 53

Clinical findings - Pharyngitis

Back 53

Streptococcus pyogenes - fever, sore throat, enlarged and tender cervical lymph nodes, whitish spots on pharynx, subsides in 10 days, may progress to rheumatic fever (esp young adults and children.

Front 54

Clinical findings - rheumatic fever

Back 54

Streptococcus pyogenes - fever, migrating arthritis, carditis which may damage heart valves, heart murmer.

Front 55

Clinical findings - scarlet fever

Back 55

Streptococcus pyogenes - occurs after strep throat, fever, crimson rash over body

Front 56

Clinical findings - necrotising fasciitis

Back 56

Strptococcus pyogenes - signs of wound infection and progressive loss of tissue in surrounding area.

Front 57

Clinical findings - puerperal sepsis

Back 57

Streptococcus pyogenes - mother develops fever within 48 hours of birth, accopmpanied by pelvic pain and discharge

Front 58

Diagnosis - Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 58

Culture swab from lesions, Antistrptolysin O titers (ASO)

Front 59

Prevention - Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 59

prompt treatment of STREP to prevent complications, proper hygene during wound care, rheumatic fever - monthly long-acting penicillin injection for years to prevent recurrence

Front 60

Treatment - Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 60

Penicillin, debridement of infected tissues

Front 61

Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - describe

Back 61

Gram-Positive cocci

Front 62

Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - disease

Back 62

Neonatal meningitis and sepsis

Front 63

Vibrio parahemolyticus - describe

Back 63

Enteric GN rod

Front 64

Vibrio parahemolyticus - disease

Back 64

food toxicity

Front 65

Mot / path - food toxicity

Back 65

Vibrio parahemolyticus - lives in warm seawater, infection through raw or undercooked seafood, common in Japan

Front 66

Clinical findings - food toxicity

Back 66

Vibrio parahemolyticus - watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, self limiting (3 days)

Front 67

Treatment - food toxicity

Back 67

Vibrio parahemolyticus - no specific

Front 68

Prevention - food toxicity

Back 68

Vibrio parahemolyticus - proper refrigiration and cooking of seafood

Front 69

Klebsiella pneumoniae - describe

Back 69

Nonsocomial GN rod

Front 70

Klebsiella pneumoniae - disease

Back 70

Pneumonia and UTI

Front 71

MOT / path - Klebsiella pneumoniae

Back 71

Pneumonia / UTI - Habitat is upper RT and IT, droplet infection from infected / healthy carriers to those with reduced immunity, UTI from catheterization (hospital is common place to aquire)

Front 72

Clinical findings - Klebsiella pneumoniae

Back 72

Pneumonia / UTI - fever, cough sputum. urinary frequecy and burning.

Front 73

Treatment - Klebsiella pneumoniae

Back 73

Pneumonia / UTI - antibiotics according to sensitivity

Front 74

Prevention - Klebsiella pneumoniae

Back 74

Pneumonia / UTI - prompt removal of urinary catheter

Front 75

Proteus vulgaris - describe

Back 75

Nonsocomial GN rod

Front 76

Proteus vulgaris - disease

Back 76

UTI especially hospital-acquired.

Front 77

MOT / Path - Proteus vulgaris

Back 77

UTI especially hospital-acquired - Organism present in human colon as well as in soil and water. Being highly motile, it colonizes the urethra causing an ascending infection.

Front 78

Clinical Findings - Proteus vulgaris

Back 78

UTI especially hospital-acquired- Urinary frequency and burning.

Front 79

Treatment - Proteus vulgaris

Back 79

UTI especially hospital-acquired: Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity.

Front 80

Prevention - Proteus vulgaris

Back 80

UTI especially hospital-acquired: Prompt removal of urinary catheters.

Front 81

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - describe

Back 81

Nonsocomial GN rod MOST RESISTANT BACTERIA

Front 82

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - disease

Back 82

Burn sepsis and UTI

Front 83

MOT / Path - Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 83

Burn sepsis and UTI: Organism found in soil, water, normal flora in colon of humans, and sometimes on the skin in moist areas. It has the ability to grow in simple aqueous solutions, so it can colonize respiratory equipment such as respirators and humidifiers, and can withstand disinfectants. It produces two pigments, one blue and the other green. It is an opportunistic pathogen that contaminates burn wounds where the normal skin barrier has been lost. UTI is usually caused by ascending infection. colonizes the urethra causing an ascending infection.

Front 84

Clinical Findings - Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 84

Burn sepsis and UTI: Wound infection with pseudomonas will produce a purulent blue-green discharge with a fruity odor. UTI will manifest as urinary frequency and burning.

Front 85

Treatment - Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 85

Burn sepsis and UTI: Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Pseudomonas is one of the most antibiotic-resistant organisms. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity.

Front 86

Prevention - Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 86

Burn sepsis and UTI: Proper hospital sterilizing procedures. Prompt removal of urinary catheters.

Front 87

Serratia marcescens - describe

Back 87

Nonsocomial GN rod MOST RESISTANT BACTERIA

Front 88

Serratia marcescens - disease

Back 88

Burn sepsis and UTI Burn sepsis Serratia is similar to Pseudomonas in many ways. The organism produces a characteristic red pigment which may be seen in infected wound discharge.

Front 89

Bordetella pertussis - describe

Back 89

Respiratory GN rod

Front 90

Bordetella pertussis - disease

Back 90

Whooping cough

Front 91

MOT / Path - Bordetella pertussis

Back 91

Whooping cough: Droplet infection by droplets produced during the severe coughing episodes. This disease commonly occurs in infants and children and is becoming rare in the U.S. because of vaccination.

Front 92

Clinical Findings - Bordetella pertussis

Back 92

Whooping cough: It begins with mild upper respiratory symptoms followed by severe paroxysmal cough. The pattern of cough is characterized by a series of hacking cough that end with a “whooping” sound (similar to the whooping of cranes) when the patient finally takes a breath. It may be complicated by pneumonia or CNS complications.

Front 93

Treatment - Bordetella pertussis

Back 93

Antibiotics (Erythromycin)

Front 94

Prevention - Bordetella pertussis

Back 94

DTaP vaccine

Front 95

Legionella pneumophilia - describe

Back 95

Respiratory GN rod

Front 96

Legionella pneumophilia - disease

Back 96

Pneumonia

Front 97

MOT / Path - Legionella pneumophilia

Back 97

Pneumonia: Infection occurs from inhalation of aerosols containing the organism in an infected environmental water source such as air conditioners and water-cooling towers. The name of disease is derived from the breakout of pneumonia among a group of people attending the American Legion Convention in Philadelphia in 1976. The disease was discovered in the air conditioning in the hotel they were staying. Outbreaks in hospitals occur from infected water taps, sinks and showers. Patients are typically older or immunocompromized.

Front 98

Treatment - Legionella pneumophilia

Back 98

Pneumonia: such as Erythromycin

Front 99

Clinical findings - Legionella pneumophilia

Back 99

Pneumonia: and symptoms of pneumonia.

Front 100

Prevention - Legionella pneumophilia

Back 100

Pneumonia: Reducing aerosols from water sources. Water treatment such as chlorination.

Front 101

Rickettsia rickettsii - describe

Back 101

Obligate intracellular parasites

Front 102

Rickettsia rickettsii - disease

Back 102

Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

Front 103

Rickettsia rickettsii - MOT / Path

Back 103

(RMSF):Dogs and rodents are the reservoir and transmission to humans occurs by tick bites.

Front 104

Rickettsia rickettsii - Clinical findings

Back 104

(RMSF): Fever, headache and myalgia followed by a petichial rash that appears first on the palms and soles then spreads inwards towards the trunk.

Front 105

Rickettsia rickettsii - Treatment

Back 105

(RMSF): Antibiotics such as Tetracyclines.

Front 106

Rickettsia rickettsii - Prevention

Back 106

(RMSF): Prevent exposure to ticks by proper attire and applying insect repellants. Frequent examination of the skin for ticks in exposed individuals.

Front 107

Rickettsia prowazeki - describe

Back 107

Obligate intracellular parasites

Front 108

Rickettsia prowazeki - disease

Back 108

Typhus

Front 109

Rickettsia prowazeki - MOT / Path

Back 109

Typhus: Transmitted by the body louse (plural lice) from infected human source.

Front 110

Rickettsia prowazeki - Clinical findings

Back 110

#NAME?

Front 111

Rickettsia prowazeki - Treatment

Back 111

Typhus: Antibiotics

Front 112

Rickettsia prowazeki - Prevention

Back 112

Typhus: Personal hygiene and eradication of body lice.

Front 113

Gardnerella vaginalis - describe

Back 113

Obligate intracellular parasites

Front 114

Gardnerella vaginalis - disease

Back 114

Bacterial vaginosis in women.

Front 115

Gardnerella vaginalis - MOT / Path

Back 115

Bacterial vaginosis: Not known exactly but risk factors such as use of antibiotics, low estrogen levels, and sexual transmission are considered.

Front 116

Gardnerella vaginalis - Clinical findings

Back 116

Bacterial vaginosis: Very malodorous thin gray vaginal discharge with local vaginal irritation.

Front 117

Gardnerella vaginalis Treatment

Back 117

Bacterial vaginosis: Metronidazole

Front 118

Dental organisms - 3

Back 118

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia

Front 119

NGU (Non-gonococcal Urethritis)-2

Back 119

Mycoplasma hominis Ureaplasma urealyticum

Front 120

Gram-Positive Cocci (6)

Back 120

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 121

Gram-Negative Cocci

Back 121

Neisseria gonorrhea: Neisseria meningitidis:

Front 122

Gram-Positive Rods : Spore-forming

Back 122

Bacillus anthracis: Bacillus cereus: Clostridium botulinum: Clostridium tetani: Clostridium perfringens: Clostridium difficile:

Front 123

Gram-Positive Rods : Non Spore-forming

Back 123

Corynebacterium diphtheriaeListeria monocytogenes

Front 124

Enteric Gram-Negative Rods

Back 124

Shigella dysenteriae: Campylobacter jejuni: Helicobacter pylori: Vibrio cholerae: Cholera Vibrio parahemolyticus/ neurolyticum/vulnificus: Escherichia coli: Salmonella enteritidis: Salmonella typhi:

Front 125

Nosocomial Gram-Negative Rods

Back 125

Klebsiella pneumoniae: Proteus vulgaris: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Serratia marcescens:

Front 126

Respiratory Gram-Negative Rods

Back 126

Bordetella pertussis: Heamophilus influenza: Legionella pneumophilia: Pneumonia

Front 127

Gram-Negative Rods: Bites from animal sources

Back 127

Eikenella corrodens: Pasteurella multocida: Yersinia pestis:

Front 128

Mycobacteria

Back 128

Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium aviumMycobacterium leprae

Front 129

Mycoplasma

Back 129

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 130

Spirochetes

Back 130

Treponema pallidum: Borrelia burgdorferi:

Front 131

Obligate intracellular parasites

Back 131

Chlamydia trachomatis: Rickettsia rickettsii: Rickettsia prowazeki:

Front 132

MOT / Pathology - Neonatal meningitis and sepsis

Back 132

Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - Normally inhabitate vagina. Bacteria can colonize the genital tract and cause infection to newborn during birth. Early rupture of membranes and premature birth predispose to this infection.

Front 133

clinical findings - Neonatal meningitis and sepsis

Back 133

Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - newborn will suffer from fever, neck rigidity and later neurological deficit.

Front 134

Prevention - Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (groupB)

Back 134

Neonatal meningitis / sepsis - if pre-birth vaginal cultures show heavy bacterial colonization mother can be treated with ampicillin. SMAE TREATMENT IF THERE IS EARLY RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES.

Front 135

Treatment - Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B)

Back 135

Neonatal meningitis / sepsis - Penicillin

Front 136

Streptococcus mutans - describe

Back 136

Gram-Positive cocci

Front 137

Streptococcus mutans - disease

Back 137

Dental caries

Front 138

MOT / Path - Dental caries

Back 138

Streptococcus mutans - Normally lives in mouth adherant to tooth by means of glycocalyx, multiply forming a biofilm (plaque). produce acid from sugars in saliva that lead to tooth erosion

Front 139

clinical findings - Dental caries

Back 139

Streptococcus mutans - Cavities

Front 140

Prevention - Streptococcus mutans

Back 140

Dental caries - Good oral hygene

Front 141

Treatment - Streptococcus mutans

Back 141

Dental caries - treatment of cavities.

Front 142

Streptococcus viridans - describe

Back 142

Gram-Positive cocci

Front 143

Streptococcus viridans - disease

Back 143

Bacterial endocarditis

Front 144

MOT / path - Bacterial endocarditis

Back 144

Streptococcus viridans - Normaly live in human oropharynx, organisms enter blood stream during dental procedures where the reach ALREADY DAMAGED HEART VALVES (from rhumatic carditas) and cause further valve damage.

Front 145

Clinical findings - Bacterial endocarditis

Back 145

Streptococcus viridans - Fever and heart murmur

Front 146

Prevention - Sreptococcus viridans

Back 146

Bacterial endocarditis - Prophylaxis using antibiotics (amoxicillin) pre-operatively

Front 147

Streptococcus pneumaniae - describe

Back 147

Gram-Positive cocci

Front 148

Streptococcus pneumaniae - disease (2)

Back 148

Pneumonia, adult bacterial meningitis

Front 149

MOT /Path - Pneumonia / adult meningitis

Back 149

Streptococcus pneumoniae - GP

Front 150

Clinical findings - Pneumonia

Back 150

Streptococcus pneumoniae - fever, cough, pulurent sputum

Front 151

Clinical findings - adult meningitis

Back 151

Streptococcus pneumoniae - fever, headache, vomiting, neck rigidity

Front 152

Diagnosis - Streptococcus pneumoniae

Back 152

Pneumonia / adult meningitis - Cultures from sputum or cerebrospinal fluid may show organism by gram stain

Front 153

Treatment - Streptococcus pneumoniae

Back 153

Pneumonia / adult meningitis - Penicillin or erythromycin

Front 154

Prevention Pneumonia / adult meningitis

Back 154

Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumoccal vaccine (Pneumovax) one time vaccine given at age 60; Prevnar or PCV - childhood vaccine added in 2001

Front 155

Neisseria gonorrhea - describe

Back 155

Gram-negative cocci

Front 156

Neisseria gonorrhea - diseases

Back 156

Genital gonorrhea, opthalmic gonorrhea

Front 157

MOT / path genital gonorrhea

Back 157

Neisseria gonorrhea - Live in genital tract and STD.

Front 158

MOT / path opthalmic gonorrhea

Back 158

Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonatal eye disease, mother with genital gonorrhea living in mucous membrane of tract, as baby is born the eyes are infected by mucous membrane.

Front 159

Clinical findings - genital gonorrhea

Back 159

Neisseria gonorrhea - Discharge in men and women, may ascend too uterus and cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) and block the uterine tubes.

Front 160

MOT / path - opthalmic gonorrhea

Back 160

Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonates will have red, swollen eyes with discharge.

Front 161

Diagnosis - Neisseria gonorrhea

Back 161

Cultures from discharge stained with GS reveal Gram-negative intracellular diplococci (within white blood cells)

Front 162

Treatment - Neisseria gonorrhea

Back 162

Genital gonorrhea - ceftriaxone antibiotic. Opthalmic - broad spectrum antibiotic in eyes at birth.

Front 163

neisseria gonorrhea - prevention

Back 163

Responsible sexual behavior,

Front 164

Neisseria meningitidis - describe.

Back 164

Gram - negative cocci

Front 165

Neisseria meningitidis - diseases

Back 165

Adult bacterial meningitis - meningococcal meningitis

Front 166

MOT / path - Adult bacterial meningitis

Back 166

Neisseria meningitidis - Human host, remains in upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic carriers, droplet infection; after colonising upper RT bacteria reach meningis through the blood.

Front 167

meningococcal meningitis - where common?

Back 167

Adult bacterial meningitis - army barracks, dorms.

Front 168

Adult bacterial meningitis - clinical findings

Back 168

NEED

Front 169

Diagnosis - Adult bacterial meningitis

Back 169

Intracellular Gram-negative diplococci seen in CSF cultures (WBC)

Front 170

Treatment - Neisseria meningitidis

Back 170

Adult bacterial meningitis - penicillin

Front 171

Neissetia meningitidis - Prevention

Back 171

meningococcal meningitis - Meningococcal vaccine: given to military and dorm residents; Chemoprophylaxis - Rifampicin or Ceftriaxone (antibiotics)

Front 172

Bacillus anthracis - describe

Back 172

Spore-forming, Gram - positive rod

Front 173

Bacillus anthracis - disease

Back 173

Anthrax

Front 174

MOT / path - Cutaneous Anthrax

Back 174

Bacillus anthracis - Spores live in soil (years), enter animals when stirred up by way of broken skin.

Front 175

MOT / path genital gonorrhea

Back 175

Neisseria gonorrhea - Live in genital tract and STD.

Front 176

MOT / path opthalmic gonorrhea

Back 176

Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonatal eye disease, mother with genital gonorrhea living in mucous membrane of tract, as baby is born the eyes are infected by mucous membrane.

Front 177

Clinical findings - genital gonorrhea

Back 177

Neisseria gonorrhea - Discharge in men and women, may ascend too uterus and cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) and block the uterine tubes.

Front 178

MOT / path - opthalmic gonorrhea

Back 178

Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonates will have red, swollen eyes with discharge.

Front 179

Diagnosis - Neisseria gonorrhea

Back 179

Cultures from discharge stained with GS reveal Gram-negative intracellular diplococci (within white blood cells)

Front 180

Treatment - Neisseria gonorrhea

Back 180

Genital gonorrhea - ceftriaxone antibiotic. Opthalmic - broad spectrum antibiotic in eyes at birth.

Front 181

Neisseria gonorrhea - prevention

Back 181

Responsible sexual behavior

Front 182

Neisseria meningitidis - describe.

Back 182

Gram - negative cocci

Front 183

MOT / path - Cutaneous Anthrax

Back 183

Bacillus anthracis - Spores live in soil (years), enter animals when stirred up by way of broken skin.

Front 184

MOT / path - Pulmonary anthrax

Back 184

Bacillus anthracis - spores are inhaled

Front 185

Clinical findings - cutaneous anthrax

Back 185

Bacillus anthracis - painless ulcer with blck crusty eschar (scab called malignant pustule) surrounded by swelling. may result in bacteremia if not treated (bacteria in the blood) or death.

Front 186

Clinical findings - pulmnary anthrax

Back 186

starts as mild chest infection which leads quickly to septicemia and shock

Front 187

Treatment - Bacillus anthracis

Back 187

Pulmonary / cutaneous anthrax - Ciprofloxacin

Front 188

Prevention - Bacillus anthracis

Back 188

Pulmonary / cutaneous anthrax - protection for farm workers / prophylaxis w/ Ciprofloxacin for those exposed / vaccine available for those at risk

Front 189

Bacillus cereus - describe

Back 189

Gram-positive spore forming rod

Front 190

Bacillus cereus - diseases

Back 190

Food poisoining

Front 191

MOt / Path Food poisoning Bacillus cereus

Back 191

food poisoning - spores in grains (rice) survive steaming / frying, are ingested, produce entertoxin causing FP

Front 192

Clinical findings - Bacillus cereus

Back 192

FP - vomiting and mild diarrhea

Front 193

Treatment - Bacillus cereus

Back 193

Self limiting - lasta .5 -1 day

Front 194

Prevention - BAcillus cereus

Back 194

FP - proper food prep

Front 195

Clostridium botulinum - describe

Back 195

GP spore-forming rod

Front 196

Disease - Clostridium botulinum

Back 196

Botulism Image/Sound:

Front 197

MOT / PAth Botulism

Back 197

Spores in soil contaminate veg. which are canned. spores germ in can (anaerobic) and produce toxin. ingestion of toxin leads to botulism. also in honey.

Front 198

Clinical findings - Clostridium botulinum

Back 198

Botulism - flaccis paralysis which may lead to death

Front 199

Treatment - Clostridium botulinum

Back 199

Botulism - Antitoxin

Front 200

Prevention - Clostridium botulinum

Back 200

Botulism - proper sterilization before canning - chucking cans that hiss@!

Front 201

Clostridium tetani - describe

Back 201

GP spore-forming rod

Front 202

Clostridium tetani - disease

Back 202

Tetanus

Front 203

MOT/Path - Tetanus

Back 203

Clostridium tetani - spores in soil enter wound, form exotoxin, carried to CNS, prevent release inhibitory mediators (glycine) which alloe muscles to relax

Front 204

Clinical findings - Tetanus

Back 204

Clostridium tetani - strong mucle spasem and spastic paralysis, leads to lockjaw, back arcing and death (paralysis of respiratory muscles)

Front 205

Diagnosis - Clostridium tetani

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Tetanus- bacteria isolated from wound show rods w/terminal spore, often called

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Prevention - Clostridium tetani

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tetanus - immunization with tetanus toxoid (DTaP) as child and each 10 years after

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Clostridium perfringens - describe

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Gp spore-forming rod

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Clostridium perfringens - disease

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gas gangrene

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MOT / Path Gas gangrene

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Clostridium perfringens - spores in soil, infect wound, go deep to surface, grows by anaerobic metabolism, produces toxins and gas in tissue, destroys health tissue around wound.

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Gas gangrene - common when/how?

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Motorcycle and roadside accidents

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Clinical findings - Clostridium perfringens

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gas gangrene - foul smelling wound with other infection signs, crepitation (egg shell feel) indicates gas

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Treatment - Clostridium perfringens

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gas gangrene - penicillin and extensive wound debridement

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Prevention - Clostridium perfringens

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gas gangrene - thourough wound cleaning, propylactic penicillin for potential infections

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Clostridium difficile - describe

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GP spore forming rod

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Clostridium difficile - diseases

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pseudomembranous entercolitis

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MOT/Path - Pseudomembranous entercolitis

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Clostridium difficile - present as NF in GI tract (3% norm pop / 30% hospit. asymptotic patients), fecal-oral transmission, prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics kill and supress NF in GI and Clos. diff. flourishes, ascends and forms toxin

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Clinical findings - Clostridium difficile

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Pseudomembranous entercolitis - diarrhea, patch plaque in colon forming

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Treatment - Clostridium difficile

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Pseudomembranous entercolitis - stop antiviotic, fluid replacement, treat with specific C. difficile antibiotic (metronidazole or vancomycin)

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Prevention - Clostridium difficile

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Pseudomembranous entercolitis antibiotics prescribed only as needed for specified period.

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae - describe

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GP NSF rod

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae - disease

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diphtheria

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Salmonella typhi -describe

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Enteric GN rod

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Salmonella typhi - disease

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Typhoid fever

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MOT / path - typhoid fever

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fecal-oral from humans (recovering food handlers); infec starts in SI spreads through blood to liver, spleen or GB. Those recovered can be chronic carriers in GB.

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Clinical findings - typhoid fever

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Salmonella typhi - fever, headache, mild abdominal pain, constipation. NO DIARRHEA!

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Treatment - typhoid fever

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Salmonella typhi - Antibiotics (Ciptofloxacin)

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Prevention - typhoid fever

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Salmonella typhi - personal hygene, vaccine available for travellers to endemic areas

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Shigella dysenteriae - describe

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Enteric GN rod

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Shigella dysenteriae - disease

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gastroenteritis

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MOT / Path - Shigella dysenteriae

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gastroenteritis - fecal-oral from human reservoirs. Highy infectious (ID = 10 organisms). Figers, flies, food, feces. Outbreaks in day-care and mental hospital.

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Clinical findings - Shigells dysenteriae

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gastroenteritis - fever, abdominal crams, BLOODY DIARHEA

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treatment - Shigella dysenteriae

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gastroenteritis - fluid/electrolyte replacement if mild, antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin) if severe

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Prevention - Shigella dysenteriae

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Public health / personal hygene

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Campylobacter jejuni - describe

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Enteric GN rod

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Campylobacter jejuni - disease

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gastroenteritis

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MOT / PAth Campylobacter jejuni

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gastroenteritis - fecal-oral from human/animal (poultry); food or water infected with feces is major source

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Clinical findings - Campylobcter jujuni

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gastroenteritis - fever, abdominal cramp, bloody foul-smelling diarrhea

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Treatment - Campylobacter jujuni

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gastroenteritis - Antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin)

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Prevention - Campylobacter jujuni

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gastroenteritis - public health and personal hygene

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Helicobacter pylori - describe

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Enteric GN rod

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Helicobacter pylori disease

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gastric ulcer that can lead to carcinoma of stomach

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MOT / Path Helicobacter pylori

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gastric ulcer - live in human stomach, aquired by ingestion. adhere to stomach causing damage. produce ammonia which neut. HCL allowing to live in stomach.

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Clinical findings - gastric ulcer

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Helicobacter pylori - recurrent burning upper abdominal pain after meals (1 hour). may be accomp by bleeding. carcinoma is risk from rep. irritation.

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Treatment - gastric ulcer

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Helicobacter pylori - Antibiotics

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Prevention - gastric ulcer

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Helicobacter pylori - none

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Vibrio cholerae - describe

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Enteric GN rod

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Vibrio cholerae - disease

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cholera

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MOT / path - cholera

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Vibrio cholerae - fecal-oral from human source, epidemics from cont. drinking water, colonize intestine and make enterotoxin

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Clinical findings - cholera

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VIbrio cholerae - massive watery diarrhea, rice water stools, morbidity and death due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in young/old.

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Treatment - cholera

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Vibrio cholerae - prompt and adequate fluid/electrolyte replacement, antibiotics (tetracyclene) might shorten - not neesary though.

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Prevention - cholera

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Vibrio cholerae - public health, personal hygene

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Eikenella corrodens - describe

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GN rod (BITE)

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Eikenella corrodens - disease

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wound infection from animal bite

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MOT / Path Eiknella corrodens

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wound infection - part of norm flora in human mouth. Infection is secondary to human bites. Goes deep to skin from puncture wound.

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Clin Findings - Eikenella corrodens

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wound infection: local infection signs at bite- redness, pain swelling discharge

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Treatment: Eikenella corrodens

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wound infection: antibiotics (Ampicillin)

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Pasteurella multocida - Disease

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wound infection from animal bite

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Pasteurella multocida - describe

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GN Rod (bite)

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Pasteurella multocida - MOT and Pathology

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wound infection: The organism lives in the mouths of domesticated animals such as dogs and cats and is transmitted by biting. Deep from puncture wound.

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Pasteurella multocida - Clinical Findings

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wound infection: Local signs of infection at the site of the bite, mainly redness, swelling, pain, anddischarge.

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Pasteurella multocida - Treatment

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wound infection: Antibiotics such as Amoxicillin. Prompt cleaning of wound. Animal bites should not be sutured.

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Yersinia pestis - Describe

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GN rod (BITE)

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Yersinia pestis - MOT and Pathology

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#NAME?

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Yersinia pestis - Clinical Findings

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bubonic plague : Fever, myalgia (muscle pain) and prostration. Enlarged tender lymph nodes or signsof pneumonia.

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Yersinia pestis - Treatment

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bubonic plague :Combination of antibiotics.

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Yersinia pestis - Prevention

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bubonic plague : Eradication of infected rodents. Protection from flea bites

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Mycobacteria - describe

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aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - describe

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aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Disease

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB):

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - MOT and Pathology

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): -Droplet infection from patients. -Once in the lungs, the organism causes an initial inflammatory reaction which ultimately subsides, and the organism becomes surrounded by fibrous tissue which may calcify. -initial exposure is asymptomatic in 90% of the population. -Immunocompromized individuals will suffer pulmonary symptoms on initial exposure as the organism invades and destroys lung tissue. R-eactivation of old lesions can also occur several years after the initial exposure if the person becomes immunocompromized e.g. in AIDS patients.- LOVES OXYGEN. LIVE IN LUNG LONG TIME. BREAKS DOWN LUNG GOES TO AIRWAYS - INFECTIOUS.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Clinical Findings

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Fever, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss over a long period. Cough and hemoptysis (blood-tinged sputum) are characteristic. PPD skin test detects previous exposure. Chest x-ray will reveal active infection mostly in the apex of the lung.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Treatment

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Combination of several antibiotics (3) at the same time because the organism is resistant to multiple drugs. A combination of three antibiotics is usual and treatment may be continuous for 6-12 months. Isoniazid is one of the choices in a combination.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Prevention

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Prevent overcrowding by better housing, adequate aeration, prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. There is a vaccine called BCG not available in the U.S. It is available in other countries.

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Mycobacterium avium - describe

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mycobacterium: aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.

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Mycobacterium avium - Disease

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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B:

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Mycobacterium avium - MOT and Pathology

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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Organism is widely spread in the environment including water and soil. It infects immunocompromized patients such as those infected with AIDS.

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Mycobacterium avium - Clinical Findings

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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Similar to T.B. (Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Fever, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss over a long period. Cough and hemoptysis (blood-tinged sputum) are characteristic. PPD skin test detects previous exposure. Chest x-ray will reveal active infection mostly in the apex of the lung.)

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Mycobacterium avium - Treatment

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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Combination of several antibiotics at the same time because the organism is resistant to multiple drugs. It is common to use as many as six antibiotics for treatment.

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Mycobacterium avium - Prevention

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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Prevent overcrowding by better housing, adequate aeration, prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for immunocompromised individuals.

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Mycobacterium leprae - describe

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mycobacterium: aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.

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Mycobacterium leprae - Disease

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Leprosy. The CDC reported 96 cases in the U.S. in 2002

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Hemophilus influenza - disease

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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media (middle ear infection), sinusitis, epiglottitis

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Hemophilus influenza - describe

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Respiratory GN rod

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MOT / Path - Hemophilus influenza

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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Droplet infection. Can cause URI then spread bloodstream through crib. plate to cause meningitis. Several strains. Type B is encapsulated and causes meningitis.

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Treatment - Hemophilus influenza

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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Antibiotics (Ceftriaxone)

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Clinical Findings - Hemophilus influenza

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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Fever, sore throat, runny nose, earache, or meningitis: fever headache, stiff neck, drowsiness. Epiglottitis: inflam. of upper airways rarely leads to life threatening obstruction in young children.

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Perevention - Hemophilus influenza

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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Hib (Hemophilus influenza type B) vaccine. Rifampin is prophylaxis for contacts.

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Mycobacterium leprae - MOT and Pathology

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Leprosy: Prolonged direct contact with patients who have the disease. Infection occurs from nasal or skin secretions. The organism replicates in the skin and reaches the nerves. It causes anesthesia (loss of sensation) and can also cause bone resorption.

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Mycobacterium leprae - Clinical Findings

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Leprosy: Skin lesions such as nodules, loss of sensation, and loss of distal digits from fingers and toes or tip of nose. The disease has a prolonged course and is very disfiguring in nature.

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Mycobacterium leprae - Treatment

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Leprosy: Combination of several antibiotics.

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Mycobacterium leprae - Prevention

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Leprosy: Isolation of patients. Leprosy colonies.

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Mycoplasma - Describe

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smallest bacteria. lack a cell wall (cell membrane acts as wall) and consequently do not stain with Gram stain. cell membrane is made of three layers. Fluorescent stains commonly used to visualize these bacteria.

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Mycoplasma pneumonia - Disease

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atypical or walking pneumonia:

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Mycoplasma pneumonia - describe

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mycoplasma: smallest bacteria. lack a cell wall (cell membrane acts as wall) and consequently do not stain with Gram stain. cell membrane is made of three layers. Fluorescent stains commonly used to visualize these bacteria.

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Mycoplasma pneumonia - MOT and Clinical Findings

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walking pneumonia: Droplet infection, pneumonia characterized by fever, cough, and scanty sputum. Patients may not feel sick enough to seek medical help, meanwhile are a source of infection. common on school campuses. On examination, the chest signs and x-ray appear far worse than the patient. may subside spontaneously in 2 weeks.

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Mycoplasma pneumonia - Treatment

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walking pneumonia: Antibiotics such as Erythromycin may be needed in some cases to shorten the duration of the disease.

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Spirochetes - describe

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Spirochetes are flexible spiral rods that use their axial filament for movement. They are too thin and can be seen only by special stains such as silver impregnation.

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Treponema pallidum - describe

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spirochete

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Treponema pallidum - Disease

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Syphilis:

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Treponema pallidum - MOT and Pathology

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Syphilis: Sexually transmitted disease (STD) in adults. Congenital syphilis occurs when an infected mothers transmits the disease to her fetus.

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Treponema pallidum - Clinical Findings

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Syphilis: 3 stage: 1. primary syphilis the spirochetes will multiply locally causing a painless ulcer on the penis or mouth called chancre 2-10 weeks after exposure. heal spontaneously. 2. One to three months later secondary syphilis may occur with the appearance of a maculopapular rash on the palms and soles. Moist lesions may also appear on the genitals called Condyloma lata, they are full of spirochetes and are highly infective. They too heal spontaneously. One third of cases cure spontaneously, but the rest go through a latent period where there are no symptoms for several years. 3. Some patients progress to a tertiary stage where a Granuloma or Gumma (a rubbery mass or nodule composed of macrophages and neutrophils attacking spirochetes) is formed on the skin, on bones, and in internal organs such as the heart and nervous system (interferes w/ funct).

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Treponema pallidum - Treatment

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Syphilis: Penicillin

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Treponema pallidum - Prevention

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Syphilis: Early detection and treatment. General guidelines for prevention of STDs.

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Borrelia burgdorferi - Disease

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Lyme disease:

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Borrelia burgdorferi - MOT and Pathology

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Lyme disease:Mice and deer are main reservoir. transmitted through tick bites. tick is the vector that transmits the organism from the infected animal to humans during its blood meal. common in the Northeast, Midwest, and Western parts of the U.S.

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Borrelia burgdorferi - Clinical Findings

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Lyme disease: organism will spread from the bite site to the blood stream to various organs. During the acute stage a spreading rash will appear that is circular and clear in the center, commonly called Bull's eye lesion. accompanied by fever and joint pains. If left untreated, damage to the heart and nervous system will occur.

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Borrelia burgdorferi - Treatment

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Lyme disease: Antibiotics such as Tetracyclines (Doxycycline) or Amoxicillin

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Borrelia burgdorferi - Prevention

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Lyme disease: Prevent exposure to ticks by proper attire and applying insect repellants. Rat control.

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Obligate intracellular parasites - describe & name 2

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Chlamydia and Rickettsia are obligate intracellular parasites. They lack the ability of producing enough energy to grow independently, and therefore can only grow inside host cells.

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Chlamydia trachomatis - describe

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Obligate intracellular parasite

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Chlamydia trachomatis - Disease

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NGU, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), eye infection.

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Chlamydia trachomatis - MOT and Pathology

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NGU, (PID), eye infection: most common cause of bacterial STD in the USA. It can also cause a chronic eye infection called trachoma which is transmitted from finger-to-eye or through infected fomites (inanimate objects like towel, handkerchief,). Newborn babies contract eye infection through the infected birth canal of their mother.

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Chlamydia trachomatis - Clinical Findings

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NGU, (PID), eye infection: NGU in males and cervicitis in females which may progress to infection of the uterine tubes (salpingitis) and PID. Repeated episodes of salpingitis may cause obstruction of the tubes and result in infertility. Trachoma is conjunctivitis that may recur for several years and may end in blindness.

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Chlamydia trachomatis - Treatment

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NGU, (PID), eye infection: Antibiotics such as Erythromycin are usually given to treat Chlamydia when other STDs like Gonorrhea are diagnosed.

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Chlamydia trachomatis - Prevention

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NGU, (PID), eye infection: General guidelines for prevention of STDs.

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Borrelia burgdorferi - Describe

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Spirochete

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salpingitis

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infection of the uterine tubes. Repeated episodes of salpingitis may cause obstruction of the tubes and result in infertility.

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Trachoma

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conjunctivitis that may recur for several years and may end in blindness.