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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a fertilized egg that results when egg and sperm are united |
zygote |
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a mass of identical cells form the zygote begins the process of dividing and redividing |
blastocyst |
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a period from about 10 to 14 days after fertilization when then blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the mother's uterus to about 8 weeks |
embryonic stage |
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mass of cells formed during the embryonic stage |
embryo |
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the tubular structure, formed by the fusion of the edges of the neural plate, with three identifiable subparts |
neural tube |
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the stage in gestation following the embryonic stage, in humans from about 8 weeks until birth |
fetal stage |
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mass of cells formed during the fetal stage |
fetus |
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factors that can disrupt development |
teratogens |
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an effect of exposure to the teratogen, alcohol during prenatal development |
fetal alcohol syndrome |
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the reflex present at birth of closing the fist tightly around any object that touches the palm |
grasp reflex |
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the reflex present at birth of turning the head toward the source of stimulation when the cheek is lightly touched |
rooting reflex |
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the reflex present at birth of sucking automatically on whatever is placed on the mouth |
sucking reflex |
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Piaget theory birth-2 year |
sensorimotor period |
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the understanding that objects exist independent of our momentary sensory or motor interactions with them |
object permanence |
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infants search in place where the thing hidden previously |
A-not-B effect |
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process in which children use the mental schemas that they have already formed about an object or event to interpret the environment |
assimilation |
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process in which's a child's schemas change as a result of his experiences with the world |
accommodation |
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Piaget period 2-7 years |
Preoperational period |
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7-12 years Piaget period |
Concrete operational period |
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a widely used method for studying infant perception |
habituation procedures |
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the set of beliefs that someone employs whenever she tries to make sense of her own behavior or that of others, involves understanding other's intentions, preferences and beliefs |
theory of mind |
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a process of relying on the facial of others as a cue about the situation |
social referencing |
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a pattern of behaviors and emotions that reflects child's fear when his primary caretaker leaves the room |
separation anxiety |
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the strong, enduring emotional bond between a child and his caregivers, basis for relationships in later life |
attachment |
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the relationship for a child in which the child feels safe and protected |
secure base |
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a learned attachment that is formed in other species at a particular period in life and is difficult to reserve |
imprinting |
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an experiment used to asses attachment |
strange situation |
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a type of parent-child attachment in which the child will explore, play with toys. 60% |
securely attachement |
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a type of parent-child attachment in which the child does not explore, even in mother's presence, and become quite upset when she leaves. 10% |
resistant |
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a type of parent-child attachment in which the children are distant and aloof while the mother is present, and although they may sometimes search for her in her absence and ignores her when she returns. 15% |
avoidant |
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a type of parent-child attachment in which the children seem to lack any organized way for dealing with the stress they experience |
disorganized |
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a set of beliefs and expectations about how people behave in social relationships |
internal working model |
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the characteristic pattern of emotions and behavior that is evident from an early age and determined mostly by genetics |
temperament |
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the range of what child can do on it's own and that child can do with help |
zone of proximal development |
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parents high on demandingness and low on responsiveness |
authoritarian parents |
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low on demanding, high on repressiveness, few rules for children, don't set schedules, rarely uses punishments and make few demands for children |
permissive parents |
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high on both demanding and responsiveness the exert their opinion but also respond on children's opinions and demands |
authoritative parents |
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regarding the two dimensions of parenting style, low on both demandigness and responsiveness, lax of understanding |
disengaged parents |
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a status of children who are not respected or liked by their peers, they become more aggressive and hostile |
aggressive-rejected |
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a status in some children who are not respected or liked by their peers and are anxious and depressive |
withdrawn-rejected |
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bodily structures directly related to reproduction |
primary sexual characteristics |
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first level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg where moral judgements are focusing on rewards and avoiding punishment |
preconventional reasoning |
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second level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg where moral judgements is centered on social conventions and duties |
conventional reasoning |
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third level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg where moral reasoning is concerned with ideals and broad moral principles |
postconventional reasoning |
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a several-year period of physical and sexual maturation during which the body of a child develops its adult shape |
puberty |
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bodily structures that change with sexual maturity, but are not themselves related to reproduction |
secondary sexual characteristics |
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a boy's first ejaculation, a milestone in early puberty |
spermarche |
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a girl's first menstrual period, a milestone in early puberty |
menarche |
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the final stage in Piaget's stages of cognitive development when the ability to reason logically and solve abstract problems develops |
formal operational period |
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Erik son's fifth stage of development when adolescence form the sense of self, identity |
identity vs. role confusion |
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"a feeling of being in home in one's body, a sense of knowing where one is going" |
ego identity |
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no stable identity |
identity confusion |
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an identity based on undesirable roles in society |
negative identity |
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cessation of menstrual cycles, usually by age 50 |
menopause |
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person's ability to deal with new and unusual problems |
fluid intelligence |
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person's accumulated knowledge |
crystallized intelignece |
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a disorder characterized by a progressive and widespread loss of nerve cells, leading to memory problems |
Alzheimer's disease |
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Erikson's sixth stage of development where the major concern is developing an intimate relationship |
intimacy vs. isolation |
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Erikson's seventh stage of development where the goal concerns work |
generality vs. stagnation |
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the point at which adults reappraise what they have done in their lives so far |
midlife transition |
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Erikson's eighth of development where the major concern revolves around polarity of integrity and despair |
integrity vs. despair |
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Carstensen's theory that because of their shrinking time horizon, older adults increasingly value emotional goals over informational goals |
socioemotional-selectivity theory |