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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

a fertilized egg that results when egg and sperm are united

zygote

a mass of identical cells form the zygote begins the process of dividing and redividing

blastocyst

a period from about 10 to 14 days after fertilization when then blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the mother's uterus to about 8 weeks

embryonic stage

mass of cells formed during the embryonic stage

embryo

the tubular structure, formed by the fusion of the edges of the neural plate, with three identifiable subparts

neural tube

the stage in gestation following the embryonic stage, in humans from about 8 weeks until birth

fetal stage

mass of cells formed during the fetal stage

fetus

factors that can disrupt development

teratogens

an effect of exposure to the teratogen, alcohol during prenatal development

fetal alcohol syndrome

the reflex present at birth of closing the fist tightly around any object that touches the palm

grasp reflex

the reflex present at birth of turning the head toward the source of stimulation when the cheek is lightly touched

rooting reflex

the reflex present at birth of sucking automatically on whatever is placed on the mouth

sucking reflex

Piaget theory birth-2 year

sensorimotor period

the understanding that objects exist independent of our momentary sensory or motor interactions with them

object permanence

infants search in place where the thing hidden previously

A-not-B effect

process in which children use the mental schemas that they have already formed about an object or event to interpret the environment

assimilation

process in which's a child's schemas change as a result of his experiences with the world

accommodation

Piaget period 2-7 years

Preoperational period

7-12 years Piaget period

Concrete operational period

a widely used method for studying infant perception

habituation procedures

the set of beliefs that someone employs whenever she tries to make sense of her own behavior or that of others, involves understanding other's intentions, preferences and beliefs

theory of mind

a process of relying on the facial of others as a cue about the situation

social referencing

a pattern of behaviors and emotions that reflects child's fear when his primary caretaker leaves the room

separation anxiety

the strong, enduring emotional bond between a child and his caregivers, basis for relationships in later life

attachment

the relationship for a child in which the child feels safe and protected

secure base

a learned attachment that is formed in other species at a particular period in life and is difficult to reserve

imprinting

an experiment used to asses attachment

strange situation

a type of parent-child attachment in which the child will explore, play with toys. 60%

securely attachement

a type of parent-child attachment in which the child does not explore, even in mother's presence, and become quite upset when she leaves. 10%

resistant

a type of parent-child attachment in which the children are distant and aloof while the mother is present, and although they may sometimes search for her in her absence and ignores her when she returns. 15%

avoidant

a type of parent-child attachment in which the children seem to lack any organized way for dealing with the stress they experience

disorganized

a set of beliefs and expectations about how people behave in social relationships

internal working model

the characteristic pattern of emotions and behavior that is evident from an early age and determined mostly by genetics

temperament

the range of what child can do on it's own and that child can do with help

zone of proximal development

parents high on demandingness and low on responsiveness

authoritarian parents

low on demanding, high on repressiveness, few rules for children, don't set schedules, rarely uses punishments and make few demands for children

permissive parents

high on both demanding and responsiveness the exert their opinion but also respond on children's opinions and demands

authoritative parents

regarding the two dimensions of parenting style, low on both demandigness and responsiveness, lax of understanding

disengaged parents

a status of children who are not respected or liked by their peers, they become more aggressive and hostile

aggressive-rejected

a status in some children who are not respected or liked by their peers and are anxious and depressive

withdrawn-rejected

bodily structures directly related to reproduction

primary sexual characteristics

first level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg where moral judgements are focusing on rewards and avoiding punishment

preconventional reasoning

second level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg where moral judgements is centered on social conventions and duties

conventional reasoning

third level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg where moral reasoning is concerned with ideals and broad moral principles

postconventional reasoning

a several-year period of physical and sexual maturation during which the body of a child develops its adult shape

puberty

bodily structures that change with sexual maturity, but are not themselves related to reproduction

secondary sexual characteristics

a boy's first ejaculation, a milestone in early puberty

spermarche

a girl's first menstrual period, a milestone in early puberty

menarche

the final stage in Piaget's stages of cognitive development when the ability to reason logically and solve abstract problems develops

formal operational period

Erik son's fifth stage of development when adolescence form the sense of self, identity

identity vs. role confusion

"a feeling of being in home in one's body, a sense of knowing where one is going"

ego identity

no stable identity

identity confusion

an identity based on undesirable roles in society

negative identity

cessation of menstrual cycles, usually by age 50

menopause

person's ability to deal with new and unusual problems

fluid intelligence

person's accumulated knowledge

crystallized intelignece

a disorder characterized by a progressive and widespread loss of nerve cells, leading to memory problems

Alzheimer's disease

Erikson's sixth stage of development where the major concern is developing an intimate relationship

intimacy vs. isolation

Erikson's seventh stage of development where the goal concerns work

generality vs. stagnation

the point at which adults reappraise what they have done in their lives so far

midlife transition

Erikson's eighth of development where the major concern revolves around polarity of integrity and despair

integrity vs. despair

Carstensen's theory that because of their shrinking time horizon, older adults increasingly value emotional goals over informational goals

socioemotional-selectivity theory