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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Idealism
High, Low? |
Person's concern for the welfare of others.
-High in this =avoid harming other people in ethical dilemma situations. -Low in this=harm is necessary to produce good. |
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Relativism
High, Low? |
Person's emphasis on ethical principles being dependent on the situation rather than being applicable to all situations (More related to deontological theories)
-low= all situations are subject to universal ethical principles -high= there are no universal ethical principles that determine the right action in every situation |
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Text definition of ethics
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set of moral principles or values/principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or group
(focuses on conduct) |
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General order of steps for moral decision-making
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Moral awareness -> ethical judgment -> ethical behavior (Action)
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Ethical decision making Steps
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Gather the facts
Define Ethical Issues Identify Affected Stakeholders List out consequences Are there any Obligations? Consider your character and integrity Be creative with potential actions Check your "Gut" |
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People issues
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ethical problems that occur when people work together
FAIRNESS in evaluating only WORK PERFORMANCE |
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Discrimination by...
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Race, religion, national origin, sex, disability, and age (not sexual orientation)
Title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 |
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Harrassment
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considered to be an ethical problem because it is a FORM OF DISCRIMINATION
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Corporte rules as 'law'
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every corporation has rules that everyone follows. Not in government.
shapes ethical decisions in the org. |
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more likely to recognize moral issues when...
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peers consider it morally problematic
moral language is used when problem is presented decision could cause serious harm to others |
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u.s. sentencing guidelines
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encourage org.s to create ethics programs that drive integrity and ethical behavior in their business operations
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U.S. Sentaencing guidelines issued by...
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the commission in 1991 for org.s convicted of federal crimes
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U.S. Sentencing Guidelines rules
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org. can be convicted if only one employee is caught breaking the law
covers most federal crimes require org. to make restitution and pay a substantial fine -include calling for a corporate death penalty |
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u.S. Sentencing Guidelines: carrot and stick
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carrot- provides incentives to org.s to develop strong internal control system to detect and manage illegal behavior
stick- sever punishment for org.s that are convicted of crimes and were not proactively managing legal compliance within the org. |
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U.S. Sentencing guidelines: Culpability score
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determines fine
aggravating factors- increases score Mitigating factors- decreases score |
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altruism
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motivitated only by self interest
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culture
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body of learned beliefs, traditions, and guides for behavior shared among members of a group
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internalization
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individuals have adopted the external cultural standards as their own
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How should goals be managed?
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not only task goals but ethical goals
set challenging and achievable goals and reward them for meeting them |
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deindividuation
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focus on role reduces individuals awareness of the self
roles reduce a a person's sense of individuality Zimbarrdo prison experiment |
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Responsibility is taken away
Responsibility is shared with others Responsibility is diffused through hierarchy Psychological distance from the affected party |
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cognitive moral development
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when people respond to ethical dilemma situations, they decide what course of action is ethically rights and choose the ethically right over the others
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Kohlberg's Model
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level 1: preconventional
-rewards/punishments level 2: conventional -societal obligations/shared norms level 3: postconventional -principled/autonomous |
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locus of control
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individuals percption of how much control he/she has over life events
internal- he/she has control external- forces outside herself has control |
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ego strength
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trust in own opinion will be more likely to be more ethical
high-high trust low- low trust |
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cognitive biases: fact gathering
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overconfidence
confirmation trap |
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cognitive biases: fact gathering: confirmation trap
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only gather info. that is appropriate to your beliefs
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cognitive biases: consequences
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as risk
-illusion of optimism -illusion of control escalation of commitment reduced number of consequences consequences for self vs. others |
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cognitive biases: consequences: illusion of optimism
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optimistic that things are going to end well
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cognitive biases: consequences: illusion of control
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believe that they have control of outcome
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cognitive biases: consequences: reduced number of consequences
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only looking at a few of them
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cognitive biases: consequences: self vs. others
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more concerned for self
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cognitive biases: consequences: escalation of commitment
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Can't back off even if you know it's wrong
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cognitive biases: Integrity
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illusion of superiority
ethics of your profession |
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cognitive biases: Integrity: illusion of superiority
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tend to think of yourself as higher as everybody else
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cognitive biases: Integrity: ethics of your profession
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mismatch between profession's ethics and personal ethics
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moral approbation
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desire for moral approval from oneself or others
DMA from others-praise DMA from others- blame DMA for self |
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Consequentialist theory
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focus on results or consequences of the decision
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deontological theory
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base decisions on what's right on broad, abstract universal ethical principles or values
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utalitarianism
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decision rule: maximiz the common good
pro: replace pariality w/ science con- means don't matter |
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nozick's rights theory (deontologist)
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decision rule: freedom from force and fraud to gain an advantage or commitment
pro- decision make virtually complet freedom of action w/ minimal government intrusions con- lessons and almost complete disregard of interest of others w/ stake in behavior |
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Rawls' theory of justice
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Decisin rule: Greatest benefit to the least advantaged
Pro: unbiased approach to social justice con: denies free will, denies meritocracy (merit most, deserves most) |
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virtue ethics
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actor strives to be a good person, because that is the type of person you wish to be
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kant's categorical imperative (deontological)
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consider whether the rationale for your action is suitable to become a universal law or principle for everyone to follow.
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