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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A key feature of the cell wall is that it is …?
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Inelastic.
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A plant with poor flower and fruit growth will be lacking …?
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Potassium.
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Active transport uses energy from …?
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Respiration.
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An amoeba uses this to get rid of its excess water.
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Contractile vacuole.
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An insecticide is an example of a …?
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Pesticide.
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Animal cells behave differently to plant cells when taking up or losing water because …?
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They lack a cell wall.
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Another term for a herbivore would be …?
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Primary consumer.
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Apart from bioaccumulation how else can pesticides cause problems?
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By harming non-pest organisms such as bees.
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Apart from fuels how else can biomass be used?
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Eating it, livestock feed, growing the seeds.
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At the start of the nitrogen cycle proteins and urea are converted into …?
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Ammonia and ammonium compounds
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Bacteria or fungi can transfer energy from biomass into useful products by which process?
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Fermentation.
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By what process do bacteria and fungi release carbon dioxide?
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Respiration.
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Changing the temperature affects the rate of decay by affecting …?
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Microbial respiration.
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Crop rotation is a techniques used in what type of agriculture?
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Organic farming.
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Give a disadvantage of biological control.
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Difficult to establish, control organism could become a pest.
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Give an advantage of biological control.
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No environmental damage, cheap in the long term.
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Give one possible use of hydroponics?
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Glasshouse tomatoes, growing crops in areas of barren soil.
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Give one reason for developing biofuels.
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Renewable, reduce air pollution, energy self-reliance, carbon neutral.
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Give three ways in which carbon dioxide gets into the air.
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By plants and animals respiring, by burning fossil fuels, by the activities of decomposers.
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Give two examples of intensive farming.
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Fish farming, glasshouses, battery farming.
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How are leaves adapted to absorb sunlight?
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They have a large surface area and lots of chloroplasts in the palisade layer.
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How are leaves adapted to gas exchange?
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They are thin and allow gases to diffuse in and out through holes called stomata.
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How are root hair cells adapted for absorbing water?
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They have thin cell walls and a large surface area.
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How do decomposers, like soil bacteria and fungi, break down dead remains?
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They release enzymes to digest the dead matter and then absorb it.
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How do detritivores increase the rate of decay?
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By producing a larger surface area of organic material for decomposers to act upon.
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How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf cells?
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By diffusion.
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How is a lot of carbon locked up in the marine environment?
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In the carbonate shells of marine organisms and limestone deposits.
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How is the upper epidermis adapted for efficient photosynthesis?
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It is transparent.
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How would you prove that water passes up the xylem tissue?
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Stand a plant in dyed water for a few hours. Then cut a section of the stem and find out where the dye is located.
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If plant cells are placed in a strong sugar solution water will pass ..?.. of these cells.
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Out.
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If red blood cells are placed into distilled water they burst. This is called ...?
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Haemolysis.
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In addition to water and mineral uptake, what other function do roots have?
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They anchor the plant in the soil.
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In what concentration are minerals usually found in the soil?
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Low.
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Keeping animals penned indoors reduces …?
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Energy loss through heat.
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Leaf guard cell turgidity is affected by …?
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Light intensity and water availability.
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Leaf veins supply water and also give … ?
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Support.
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Materials that will decay are usually called …?
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Biodegradable.
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Name three fuels from biomass.
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Wood, alcohol, biogas.
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Name three methods of food preservation.
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Canning, freezing, drying, salting, pickling, irradiation.
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Name two detritivores.
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Earthworm, maggot, woodlice.
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Nitrates help growth by allowing a plant to make …?
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Amino acids and proteins.
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Nitrogen is needed to make proteins in plants. In what form is it taken up?
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Nitrates.
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Not all the food eaten by an animal goes to form new tissue. Why is this?
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Some is ‘lost’ in the urine and faeces and some is used in respiration.
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Not all the sunlight falling on a leaf is absorbed and used. Why not?
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Some is reflected, some passes through the leaf and some light that is absorbed cannot be used for photosynthesis.
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Phloem is a column of …?
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Living cells.
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Plants are grown without soil using a method called …?
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Hydroponics.
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Salts can be taken up by cells against a concentration gradient by ...?
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Active transport.
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The main concern of the public about organic produce is its …?
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Cost.
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These tubes carry dissolved food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
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Phloem.
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These tubes carry water and mineral salts up the stem in plants.
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Xylem.
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This acts as a partially permeable membrane in plant cells.
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Cell membrane.
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This type of membrane allows small molecules (like water molecules) to pass through but not large ones.
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Partially permeable.
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Turgor pressure in plant cells results from the cytoplasm pushing against the …?
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Cell wall.
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Water passes into plant cells by osmosis making them ...?
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Turgid.
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What are fertilisers?
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Chemicals that are added to the soil to replace missing nutrients removed by a crop.
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What are the upper and lower layers of leaf cells called?
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Epidermis.
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What can be used as an alternative to toxic chemicals in the control of pests?
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Biological control.
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What conditions cause the rate of transpiration to decrease?
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Still, humid, cool conditions.
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What conditions cause the rate of transpiration to increase?
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Windy, dry, warm conditions.
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What could you do to a potometer to make conditions a) windy? and b) humid?
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A) put the potometer near a fan b) put a polythene bag over the shoot.
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What do biomass pyramids show?
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The mass of living material at each stage in a food chain.
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What do plants need to carry out photosynthesis?
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Chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.
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What do we call many food chains interconnected?
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A food web.
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What do we call the continuous flow of water from the roots up to the leaves in the xylem?
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The transpiration stream.
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What do we call the evaporation of water from the leaves into the air?
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Transpiration.
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What do we call the passage of water molecules from a weaker solution into a stronger solution through a partially permeable membrane?
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Osmosis.
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What does a potometer measure?
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The rate of water uptake.
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What is a detritivore?
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A small animal that feeds on pieces of dead, decaying matter (detritus).
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What is a variegated leaf?
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A leaf with some parts white where chlorophyll is missing.
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What is bioaccumulation?
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The build-up of toxic substances along food chains.
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What is decomposition?
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The rotting away of dead plants and animals by microbes.
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What is meant by the term egestion?
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Getting rid of solid waste from the body.
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What is meant by the term saprophytic nutrition?
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Feeding on dead/decaying organic matter by releasing enzymes.
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What is the abundance of nitrogen in the air?
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78%
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What is the detritivore in this food chain: dead animal-blowfly maggot-blackbird-owl.
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The blowfly maggot.
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What is the key adaptation of the spongy mesophyll layer?
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Presence of air spaces for gaseous exchange.
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What is the main concern about intensive farming?
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Animal welfare.
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What is the symptom of magnesium deficiency?
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Yellow leaves.
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What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
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Carbon dioxide + water (light and chlorophyll) glucose + oxygen
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What is translocation?
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The movement of soluble food around the plant in the phloem.
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What organisms act as decomposers in the carbon cycle?
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Soil bacteria and fungi.
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What prevents excessive water loss from the leaf surface?
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Waxy cuticle on upper epidermis.
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What sort of bacteria convert ammonia in the soil into nitrates?
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Nitrifying bacteria.
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What sort of bacteria convert nitrogen in the air into nitrates?
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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What structures open and close stomata?
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Guard cells.
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What three minerals are usually found in fertilisers?
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Nitrate, phosphate, potassium, magnesium.
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What type of plant would result in an inverted pyramid of number?
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A tree.
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What usually happens to the number of individuals as you go up a pyramid of number?
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It decreases.
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When animal cells lose water they become …?
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Crenated.
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When cells are no longer firm and turgid, we say that they are ...?
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Flaccid.
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Where is the xylem and phloem found in a stem?
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In a ring of vascular bundles.
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Where precisely is soluble food translocated to?
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Growing points, roots, storage tissues, flowers.
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Which mineral is needed to help enzymes in respiration and photosynthesis?
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Potassium.
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Which two agrochemicals contributed to the increase in crop production during the ‘Green Revolution’?
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Fertilisers and pesticides.
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Why are food chains limited to a small number of stages?
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Because efficiency of energy transfer is low. Losses occur at each trophic level.
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Why are nitrates needed by plants?
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For protein synthesis and therefore cell growth.
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Why do hydroponic systems need additional fertillisers?
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There is no soil to provide nutrients.
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Why do plants and animals not use nitrogen directly?
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It is too unreactive.
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Why does a food chain always start with a producer?
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Producers can make their own food from simple substances. Green plants use sunlight as a source of energy.
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Why is it often more accurate to record biomass rather than number of individuals, for example, in the case of an oak tree?
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Biomass tells you how much living material there is and so avoids the problem that organisms differ greatly in size.
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Why would sugar be translocated to a flower?
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To provide nectar.
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Xylem is made up of …?
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Dead cells.
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