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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the parts of an animal cell moraines
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Nucleus
Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria |
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What does the nucleus do?
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Contains DNA which contains instructions for making proteins
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What is the cytoplasm?
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A gel like substance where proteins like enzymes are made and some enzyme-controlled reactions take place on the cytoplasm
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What does the cell membrane do?
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Holds the cell together and controls what comes in and out
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What do the mitochondria do?
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They contain the enzymes needed for aerobic respiration and where the reactions take place
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What do plant cells have that animal cells don't have?
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A strong rigid cell wall - made of cellulose and supports and strengthens the cell
Vacuole - contains cell sap Chloroplasts - where the reactions for photosynthesis take place (contain the enzyme chlorophyll) |
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How many cells are yeast microorganisms made up of?
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One
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Describe the structure of a yeast cell
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What replaces a nucleus in a bacteria cell?
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A circular molecule of DNA which floats around in the cytoplasm
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Describe the structure of a bacteria cell
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What is a protein?
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An enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions
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What is a substrate?
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A molecule that is changed in a reaction
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What is the active site?
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The place in every enzyme where a substrate joins in on the enzyme
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What is the 'lock and key' model?
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The substrate has to be the correct shape to fit the active site
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What happens if the temperature of an enzyme gets too hot or the pH is too high/low?
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Some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break which changes the shape of the active site so the substrate no longer fits - it's denatured
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What is respiration?
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A series of chemical reactions that release energy by breaking down large food molecules
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What is the energy released from respiration used to power?
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Movement - energy to make muscles contract
Active transport - energy to move substances in and out of cells Synthesis of large molecules - made by joining smaller molecules together e.g glucose and nitrogen make amino acids |
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What is aerobic respiration?
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Respiration with oxygen
Releases more energy per glucose molecule than anaerobic Used most of the time |
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What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
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Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
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What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
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What is anaerobic respiration?
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Respiration without oxygen
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Give examples of anaerobic respiration
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(Humans) vigorous exercise means your body can't supply enough oxygen to your muscle cells
(Plants) if a plants soil becomes waterlogged (Bacteria) if it gets under your skin - there's very little oxygen |
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What can glucose make,
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Animals and bacteria-
Lactic acid Plant cells and some microorganisms - Ethanol and carbon dioxide |
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What is fermentation?
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When microorganisms break down sugars into other things as they respire anaerobically
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Give examples of fermentation
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Alcohol - yeast ferment sugar to form ethanol
Biogas - microorganisms ferment plant and animal waste which contain carbohydrates and produce carbon dioxide Bread - yeast ferments the carbohydrates and releases carbon dioxide causing it to rise |
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What is photosynthesis?
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A series of chemical reactions that she energy from sunlight to produce food
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What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
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Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
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What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
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In what three main ways do plants use glucose?
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For respiration
To make chemicals for growth - cellulose for cell walls, chlorophyll, and combines with nitrogen to make amino acids Stored as starch - stored in roots, stems and leaves for when photosynthesis is slower (e.g winter) |
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What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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Light
Cabin dioxide Temperature |
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Why does a light graph only go up to a certain point?
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Light provides the energy needed for photosynthesis
But it will stop increasing because the temperature or CO2 will be a limiting factor |
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Why is temperature the limiting factor usually?
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Because the temperature can't exceed 45 degrees as this would denature them
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How do you take a transect and what do they do?
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They investigate how something changes across an area
You run a tape measure between two fixed points and collect the data you want across it |
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Name 3 ways of collecting data
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Light metre
Quadrat Identification key |
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What is a light metre?
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A sensor that accurately measures light level e.g compare plants in areas with different levels of light
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What is a quadrat?
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A square frame divided into a grid of 100 squares so you can estimate the percentage cover of something
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What is an identification key?
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A series of questions asked so that you can use them to figure out what a plat is
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What is diffusion?
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The passive overall movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration
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What is osmosis?
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The movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
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An example of osmosis
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Water passes through a partially permeable membrane and the concentrate sucrose solution gets more dilute as more water moves in
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What is active transport?
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The movement of chemicals across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration using energy released by respiration
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An example of active transport?
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Plants take in minerals like nitrates through their roots and the concentration of minerals in root cells is higher than in the soil around them
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