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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are mitchondria used for |
Respiration e.g. lots in liver and muscle cells |
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What are ribosomes used for? |
Protein synthesis |
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What happens in cytoplasm |
Chemical reactions |
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What does the cell membrane do? |
Holds cell togeher and controls in and out |
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Do bacterial cells have a nucleus? |
No a strand of dna |
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Does an animal cell have a cell wall? |
No |
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How was complementary base pairing found? |
Watson and crick using x rays |
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How does dna replicate? |
1) unzips 2) new nucleotides join to form 2 strands |
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How many bases in one amino acid? |
3 |
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Where are ribosomes found |
Cytoplasm |
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Hoe are proteins synthesised |
1) dna replicated in nucleus (translation) 2) mrna moves it to ribosome 3) base pairs form as tRNA bring over amino acids (transcription) 4) chains of amino acids form |
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Types of proteins |
Enzymes Carrier molecules Hormones Structural |
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What are enzymes |
Biological catalysts that control cell reactions and reduce the need for high temperature. They are specific to their substrate |
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What happens if enzymes too hot.. too cold.. |
Denature and change shape. Collision rate is too slow |
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Enzymes pH is.. |
Specific e.g. pepsin in stomach =2 |
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Q10 value is.. |
Rate of reaction at different temperatures |
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What causes mutations |
Spontaneous Ionising radiation Carcinogens |
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Three advantages of being multicellular |
¤ can get bigger e.g. travel to get food, less vulnerable ¤ cell differentiation e.g. cells can do diff jobs ¤ more complex = better adapted |
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What is mitosis and where is it found |
Cell reproduces by splitting to form identical offspring . Geowth and repair |
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What is meiosis and where is it used? |
Creates haploids. Used un maiing gametes |
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Three adaptations of a sperm |
¤ tail to swim ¤ lots of mitochondria ¤ acrosome releases enzymes which digest the membrane of the egg cell |
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What is respiration controlled by? |
Enzymes |
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Equation for aerobic respiration |
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What is the equation for anaerobic respiration |
Glucose > lactic acid and energy |
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What is oxygen debt |
When lactic acid builds up in the liver and so you need more oxygen to break it down |
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How can the RQ value show if someone is aerobic or anaerobically respiring |
Less than 1 is aerobic. More than one is anaerobic |
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What is in the plasma |
Water Food *glucose and amino acids Co2 Urea Hormomes Antibodies |
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Adaptations of the red blood cell |
Biconcave shape Haemoglobin No nucleus Flexible (go through capillaries) |
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Order of the blood vessels |
Arteries (away from ♡) -- capillaries -- veins (towards ♡) |
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Features of the arteries |
High pressure therefore walls are strong and elastic Small lumen and thick wall Layers of muscle |
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Features of the capillaries |
Tiny (can't see) Permeable walls to exchange substances e.g. food o2 co2 Thin to increase diffusion |
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Features of the vein |
Lower pressure therefore walls arent as thick Bigger lumen to help blood flow Valves to control direction |
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Advantages of the double circulatory system |
Can be pumped at a higher pressure Increases rate of blood flow to tissues and more o2 to cells |
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How does blood travel through the ♡? |
1) right atrium recives deoxygenated blood through the vena cava 2) via rhe pulmonary artery it moves through the right ventricle to the lungs 3) the left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs to through the pulmonary vein 4) the oxygenated blood moves from the left ventricle through the aorta and around the body |
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Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right? |
Needs moee muscle to pump to body not just lungs |
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What do valves do? |
Prevent backflow |
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When can plant cells grow |
Whole lives |
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When do animals grow |
Early stages most in adolescence and infancy |
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Where do plants grow from |
Meristems |
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Where do animals grow from |
All parts of body |
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How do plants grow |
Elongation and mitosis |
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How to animals grow |
Mitosis |
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How can embryonic stem cells be used |
Grow tissue Treat parkinsons Spinal cord injuries Type 1 diabetes |
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Where can you obtain adult stem cells from |
Bone marrow. Umbilical cord |
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Ads and disads of measuring with length |
:) easy :( incomplete |
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Ads and disads of measuring with wet mass |
:) easy :( inaccurate |
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Ads and disads of measuring with dry biomass |
:) not affected by water :( kill organism |
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5 phases of human growth |
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old age |
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Desired characteristics of plants |
Long life Nutrients Sturdy Withstand drought and disease High yield |
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Desirable characteristics of animals |
Strong Muscular More eggs and milk Early puberty |
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Problems wih selective breeding |
Reduced gene pool Health problems Slow process Ethical |
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Two examples of genetic modification |
1) rice with vitamin A 2) bacteria that have insulin |
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Two types of gene therapy? |
1) change the body cells affectes by disorder but doesnt affect offspring 2) change the embryos.. but designer babies?? |
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Examples of asexual reproduction in plants |
Strawberry plant Potatoe plant Spider plant |
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Ads and disads of cloning |
:) transplants. Desirable animals mads produced. Cure diseases. Save animals from extinction :(ow success. Premature death. Ethical issues |
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Two methods of cloning plants |
1) tissue culture 2) root cuttings |
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Ads and disads of cloning plants |
:) mass production. Know characteristics. :( disease. Reduced gene pool |
