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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is respiration?
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the process od breaking down glucose to release energy, which occurs in every living cell
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where does respiration occur?
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in all living things - in every cell
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give 3 things that the energy released in respiration is used for
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1. build up larger molecules e.g. proteins
2. contract muscles 3. maintain a steady body temprature |
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what is aerobic respiration?
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respiration using oxygen
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glucose + oxygen ----->
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carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
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what carries glucose, oxygen and CO2 around the body?
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the circulatory system in the blood
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where does glucose come from?
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from breaking down food in the digestive system
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where does oxygen come from? and what happens to the CO2
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from the air breathed into the lungs
CO2 is breathed out |
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what are the smallest blood vessels in the body called?
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capillaries
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how do cells get supplied with glucose and oxygen and get rid of the CO2 waste?
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capillaries run very close to every cell in the body which carries blood which transports the substances to and from cells
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what process moves these substances between the cells and the capillaries?
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diffusion
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what is the definition of diffusion?
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diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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when cells respire they use up...
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...oxygen and glucose
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when the oxygen and glucose is used up, the concentration is
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low
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the concentration of oxygen and glucose is usually...
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high
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when the cell has a low concentration and the blood has a high concentration of glucose and oxygen...
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...the substances diffuse from the capillaries to the cells
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when cells respire they produce
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lots of CO2
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When has a lot of CO2 in the cell, the concentration is
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high
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what happens to the CO2 when its in a high concentration is the cell?
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it diffuses into the blood, where there is a lower concentration
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if there is a larger difference in concentration...
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the rate of diffusion is faster
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why do muscles need energy?
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so they can contract
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when do your muscles contract more than normal?
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during exercise
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why do you respire more during exercise?
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because your muscles need more energy to contract, so they get the energy from increased respiration
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what do your cells need more of as a consequence of increased respiration?
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oxygen
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because you need more oxygen to get into your blood and to your cells, what happens?
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your breathing rate increases and your heart rate increases
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what else happens as a result of your heart and breathing rate increasing?
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your body removes CO2 faster
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how does the rate of diffusion change to deal with the increased demand during exercise?
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the rate of diffusion increases
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what changes when you do really vigorous exercise?
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oxygen can't be supplied to the muscles fast enough, so we respire anaerobically
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CARDIAC OUTPUT =
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HEART RATE X STROKE VOLUME
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what is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
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glucose = lactic acid (+energy)
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does anaerobic respiration release more or less energy?
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less energy - its less efficient
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what happens to the product of lactic acid?
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it builds up in the muscles which can be very painful (cramp)
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what is the advantage of anaerobic respiration?
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you can continue to use your muscles for a little longer and is good in emergencies
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what is oxygen debt?
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When you have stopped respiring anaerobic respiration and you owe your body oxygen so that it can get rid of the lactic acid
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what is the amount of oxygen you are required to repay called? (EPOC)
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excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
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how does this effect your heart rate and breathing?
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you keep breathing heavily and your heart rate remains high to get the oxygen to the cells.
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what does the oxygen do to the lactic acid?
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converts it to CO2 and water
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where does photosynthesis happen?
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in the leaves of all green plants
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what part of the leaves does it occur in?
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in the chloroplasts, where there is chlorophyll
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what does the chlorophyll do?
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absorbs light energy and uses it to convert CO2 and water into glucose
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CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER =
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GLUCOSE + OXYGEN?
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What three things have leaves done to adapt for efficient photosynthesis?
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1. large flat leaves to be more exposed to light
2. lots of chlorophyll to absorb light 3. stomata which open and close for the movement of gases like CO2 and O2 in and out, along with transpiration of water vapour |
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how does light effect the rate of photosynthesis?
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the more light, the faster it is, up until a certain point
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how would you test this in a lab?
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by moving a lamp closer or further away from the plant. However, you would have to plot rate of photosynthesis against light intensity
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how does concentration of CO2 effect the rate of photosynthesis?
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the more CO2, the faster it is, up until a certain point
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how does temprature effect the rate of photosynthesis?
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the hotter it is, the faster it is but only up until about 45 degrees C when the enzymes become denatured and so, photosynthesis can not happen
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what is the definition of osmosis?
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the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane down the concentration gradient.
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what is a partially permeable membrane?
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a material with very small holes in it so only tiny molecules can pass through it, like water but not sucrose
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describe the movement of the water particles across the membrane
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the move both ways because water molecules move about randomly. However, because there is more water on one side that the other, there is a steady net flow from higher to lower concentration
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osmosis is a special type of....
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diffusion
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what would be the end result of osmosis?
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the concentration of water on either side would try to balance out
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what is one thing that root hairs do?
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they absorb water from the soil
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how are they adapted to do this job?
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they give the roots a big surface area for absorbing water from the soil
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how does the water enter the plant?
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through osmosis
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why is osmosis able to happen here?
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because there is usually a higher concentration of water in the soil than in the plant
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what else do root hairs do?
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absorb minerals from the soil
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where is the concentration of minerals higher?
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in the plant usually
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what does this mean?
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normal diffusion cant happen
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what is the different process used by plants?
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active transport
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how is active transport carried out?
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energy produce by respiration pulls minerals into the root hairs against the concentration gradient
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what are the two tube network names?
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xylem and phloem
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what are xylem tubes?
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transport water and minerals from roots ---->rest of plant
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what are phloem tubes?
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transport sugars from leaves -----> growing and storage tissues
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what is transpiration?
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the loss of water from a plant
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what causes transpiration?
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evaporation and diffusion of water inside leaves
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describe the process
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-creates slight shortage in leaf
-more water drawn up through xylem vessels to replace it -therefore, more water is drawn up by the roots -a constant transpiration stream is created |
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how is transpiration a side-effect of photosynthesis?
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stomata let gases in and out of the plant but owing to there being a higher concentration of water inside the plant than in the air, it diffuses out of the stomata
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what is a habitat?
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a place where an organism lives
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what is the distribution of an organism?
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where an organism is found
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how can you study the distribution of organisms?
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you can measure how common the organism is in two or more areas an then compare the results
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what are the five methods of measuring the distribution of organisms?
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1. pooters
2. pitfall traps 3. sweep nets 4. pond nets 5. quadrat |
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what are pooters used for?
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collecting ground insects
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how do they work?
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you suck up the insects into the beaker and count how many you have over a period of time. Do the same in a different sample area and compare results
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what are pitfall traps used for?
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collecting ground insects
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how do they work?
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there is a beaker in the ground which insects fall into and can't get out of. do this in two areas and compare results
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what are sweep nets used for?
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collecting animals/insects from long grass
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how do they work?
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sweep net from left to right through the grass and any animals will get caught in the strong net. Count contents and repeat in a new area to compare
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what are pond nets used for?
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collecting animals from ponds
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how do they work?
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same as sweep nets but along river/pond beds
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what are quadrats used for?
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to study the distribution of small organisms
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how do they work?
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a square frame which encloses an area in which you count all the organisms you are interested in. Repeat in sample area several times and then do the same in the second sample area. Compare the two means.
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what is a belt transect?
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it is a line which you move the quadrat along to see how the distribution of organisms change gradually across an area.
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what 3 things can we use to test environmental factors?
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1.thermometer
2.light sensor 3.indicator liquid |
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what each test show?
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1. temperature
2. light intensity 3. soil pH - soil changes colour with indicator and then use a chart to identify pH |
