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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are infections? |
Infections are micro-organisms damaging body cells or producing poisons ( toxins ) that harm cells. |
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How can you treat infections? |
You can treat infections by using antimicrobials which usually kill micro-organisms although sometimes they may only slow down their actions or do nothing. |
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What are phagocytes? |
Phagocytes are white blood cells that digest harmful micro-organisms in the body. They can only digest antibodies when the other micro-organisms antigens have been locked with antibodies. |
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What are lymphocytes? |
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antigens which lock with that of the micro-organism. This causes the micro-organisms to clump up together, so that other white blood cells can digest them. |
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What are antigens? |
Antigens are unique markers on micro-organisms surfaces. White blood cells produce antibodies specific to the marker they need to attack. |
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What do some white blood cells do after an infection? |
Some white cells act as memory cells as they remember antigens and are able to produce antibodies quicker so if the body is reinfected the body has immunity. |
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What is a vaccination? |
A vaccination helps the body develop immunity from an illness by making the body produce certain antibodies which are then remembered in memory cells. These grant immunity to a certain illness with the same antigen that the antibody can lock with. |
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How do vaccinations happen? |
Vaccinations happen with injections which give the person a harmless version of the illness which then allows the body to respond quickly if it really is infected by that certain illness. |
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Fact: It's important to vaccinate as many people as possible to prevent epidemics like measles. If more than 95% of the population are vaccinated then the unvaccinated will be protected too, as the risk of contact with an infected person is small. This is called herd immunity. |
Fact: It's important to vaccinate as many people as possible to prevent epidemics like measles. If more than 95% of the population are vaccinated then the unvaccinated will be protected too, as the risk of contact with an infected person is small. This is called herd immunity. |
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What is resistance to antimicrobials? |
This is when micro-organisms become resistant to antimicrobials. This means that there is fewer ways to defeat the bacteria. To help prevent this doctors only prescribe when completely necessary. Patients should always complete the course. |
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Tests on Human cells Grown in the Laboratory Advantages: - Show if the drugs are effective - No one harmed Disadvantages: - Don't show effects on whole organism and some believe that it's unethical |
Tests on animals:
Advantages: - Show if drugs are effective within body conditions - Show if drugs are safe for whole body Disadvantages: - Animals may suffer - Animals may react differently to humans |
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What happens in clinical trials? |
Healthy volunteers test the safety of drugs and people with the illness test the safety and effectiveness of drugs. |
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What types of clinical trials are there? |
Blind trials - Patients don't know drugs but doctor does Double blind trials - Neither the patient or doctor knows about the drug Open label trials - Both the doctor and patient know about the drug Long term trials - These are important for ensuring that there are no harmful side effects and that the treatment continues to be effective |
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What does the heart do? |
The heart pumps blood from the right side to the lungs and pump from it's left side to the rest of the body. The heart is a muscle it's self so it needs a blood supply form the coronary artery to function properly. |
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What do arteries do? |
Arteries pump blood away from the heart to organs |
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What do veins do? |
Veins pump blood towards the heart |
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What do arteries do? |
Arteries are small extensions of arteries and veins that take blood through organs and around them. |
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What is blood pressure? |
Blood pressure is the rate at which blood is contracting and returning to the heart. A high number is given when the heart is contracting and a low number when the heart is relaxing. |
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What do your kidneys do? |
Balance the amount of water in your body. When the water level is too high your kidneys reabsorb less water and a large amount of dilute urine. The opposite occurs when the body has a lack of water. |
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What can affect your water levels? |
Alcohol - causes a large amount of dilute urine to be produced Ecstasy - causes a small amount of less dilute urine to be produced |
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What is ADH? |
ADH is a hormone which is released into your blood which reduces the amount of urine that is excreted. |
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What happens when there is a high amount of blood water? |
1: Receptors in the your hypothalamus detect a decrease in salt concentration 2: Less ADH is secreted into the blood 3: Your kidneys absorb less water 4: Your bladder fills with a large quantity of dilute urine |
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What happens when there is a low amount of blood water? |
1: Receptors in the your hypothalamus detect an increase in salt concentration. Thirst is stimulated. 2: More ADH is secreted into the blood 3: Your kidneys absorb more water 4: Your bladder fills with a small quantity of concentrated urine |