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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Name the order of species

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What are the two ways of classifying organisms?

Artificial system: based on one or two characteristics


Natural system: based on evolutionary relationships


How do we know if organisms are of the same species?

They interbreed to produce fertile offspring

How does the binomial system work?

Genus then species- Genus starts with a capital and species lower case

Why is it sometimes difficult to put a species into just one category?

Because they can have traits from more than one

Why aren't mules classed as a species?

They don't produce fertile offspring

What is the different between a pyramid of biomass and a pyramid of numbers?

Pyramid of numbers can be..not...pyramids...because they measure in number (eg one oak tree, 1000s of bugs, 10 birds) but pyramids of biomass measure dry mass and will most always be a triangular shape.

Why are pyramids of biomass flawed when representing trophic levels, etc?

-Some organisms feed off others from other levels


-You have to drain the organism of all liquid which kills it


How is energy lost between trophic levels?

-Respiration


-Egestion


-Excretion

Why is material lost at each stage of the food chain not actually wasted?

It is used by decomposers that can start another food chain

How do we calculate efficiency?

energy used for growth


---------------------------------- = efficiency


energy input

What are some ways that carbon is released into the air?

-Plants and animals respiring


-Soil bacteria and fungi acting as decomposers


-the burning of fossil fuels

How is carbon trapped in limestone released back into the air?

Through volcanic eruptions or weathering

What do nitrifying bacteria do and where are they found?

Convert the ammonia into nitrates

What do decomposers in soil do?

They are bacteria and fungi that convert proteins and urea into ammonia

What do denitrifying bacteria do?

Covert nitrates into nitrogen gas

What do nitrogen-fixing bacteria do?

Fix nitrogen gas- also done by lightning.


They are found in the root nodules or soil.

What do decomposers need to function properly?

Oxygen and a suitable pH


That's why decay will be slower in waterlogged areas with little oxygen or very acidic conditions

What is an ecological niche?

The habitat and organism lives in and its role in the habitat

Describe the two types of competition

Interspecific is between organisms of different species


Intraspecific is between organisms of the same species and is thus more likely bc they need the same kind of things

Explain why there is cyclical links between predator and prey numbers

Lots of prey= well fed predators who reproduce


More predators= less prey bc they all eat it


They starve and numbers drop= no eating prey


Prey numbers increase= back to start!

What is a parasite and what does it do?

Feeds and lives off another organism to that organism's detriment. An example is fleas on animals, or tapeworms.


What is it called when both organisms benefit from a relationship? Give an example.

Mutualism. Both benefit from this arrangement. An example is insects and flowers as the insects spread the pollen and in return get nectar.

Explain the mutualism in pea plants.

The pea plant's root nodules are home to nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These bacteria turn nitrogen into chemicals and give some to the pea plants; the pea plant gives the bacteria some sugars that have been produced by photosynthesis.

How are some creatures adapted to the cold

Insulation- thick fur traps air or fat layer under skin.


Large but with small ears to reduce surface area to volume ratio.


Migration or hibernation


Antifreeze proteins

What blood system to penguins have and how does it work?

Counter-current. Warm blood entering flippers warms up the cold blood leaving to stop it cooling the body.

What are some adaptations a camel has?

Small body, large ears larger surface area to volume ratio for more heat loss.


Large feet so as not to sink in the sand


Concentrated urine


How is a cactus adapted?

Spines not leaves for less water loss


Deep roots to store water in stems

What are specialists and generalists?

Specialists live very well in one habitat (polar bear)


Generalists can live in several (rats)

Why is natural selection hard to study?

It takes place over thousands of years

Explain Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.

If animals and plants are better suited to their environment, they are more likely to survive and reproduce. He didn't know exactly how genes were passed on.

Why might animals be prevented from mating?

Geographical isolation or behavioural isolation

Why did people not accept Darwin's theory at first?

- Not enough evidence


- Religion

Why is Darwin's theory now more accepted?

- Explains a lot of observations


- Discussed and tested widely

Explain Jean Baptiste de Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics.

Giraffes acquired long necks to feed and just passed it on

What is a carbon footprint?

The amount of pollution caused by a person or organisation in a certain amount of time

Name some indicator species and how they show pollution levels

Mayfly lava can only live in clean water


Waterlouse, bloodworm and mussels can live in polluted water


Lichen only grows on trees in clean air

Adv and disadv of using indicator species?

ADV


-cheap


-no equipment to go wrong/break


-monitors over long time periods


DIS


-Tech is more accurate

Why is conservation good?

-Protect our food supply


-Prevent damage to foodchains


-Protect animals/plants we use in medicine


-Protect areas people visit or study


What factors must be taken into account when trying to conserve a species?

-Size of the population (if there'll be enough genetic variation to survive)


- Number of suitable habitats


- How much competition there is from other species (intraspecific)

Name some methods of conservation

Captive breeding programme


Quotas


Replanting trees

Why is it difficult to enforce whaling laws?

The ocean is a big place to police.

What do we study about whales when they're alive VS dead?

Alive: Migration patterns and communication methods


Dead: How they survive at extreme depths

What is sustainable development?

Taking enough resources to survive whilst leaving enough for the future