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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Enzyme
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Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions
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Define active site
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an active site is a region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind and which catalyzes a chemical reaction involving the substrates.
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Define denaturation
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a structural change in a protein that results in a loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties. --refer only to heat and pH as agents.--
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What is mean by enzyme-substrate specificity
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most enzymes are specific and catalyze very few reactions. therefore there are only a small number of possible substrates.
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How are enzymes substrate-specific?
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Molecules of substrate fit the active site anda re chemically attracted to it. Other molecules either do not fit or are not chemical attracted and can not bind to the active site.
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In the lock and key model for enzymes and substrates, which is the "lock" and which is the "key"?
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The enzyme is like the lock and the substrate is like the key that fits it.
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Explain how temperature can increase enzyme activity.
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as temperature increases, so does enzyme activity because collision between substrate and active site happen more frequently with higher temperatures and faster molecular motion.
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Explain how temperature can increase enzyme activity.
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as temperature increases, so does enzyme activity because collision between substrate and active site happen more frequently with higher temperatures and faster molecular motion.
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Explain how temperature can increase enzyme activity.
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as temperature increases, so does enzyme activity because collision between substrate and active site happen more frequently with higher temperatures and faster molecular motion.
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explain how temperature can decrease or stop enzyme activity.
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at too high of temperatures enzymes are denatured and stop working b/c heat causes vibrations inside the enzyme and ends up breaking the ponds needed to maintain the structure of the enzyme.
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explain how temperature can decrease or stop enzyme activity.
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at too high of temperatures enzymes are denatured and stop working b/c heat causes vibrations inside the enzyme and ends up breaking the ponds needed to maintain the structure of the enzyme.
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what is the typical optimum pH at which enzyme activity is fastest?
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pH7 is optimum for most enzymes
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explain how temperature can decrease or stop enzyme activity.
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at too high of temperatures enzymes are denatured and stop working b/c heat causes vibrations inside the enzyme and ends up breaking the ponds needed to maintain the structure of the enzyme.
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what is the typical optimum pH at which enzyme activity is fastest?
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pH7 is optimum for most enzymes
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what is the typical optimum pH at which enzyme activity is fastest?
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pH7 is optimum for most enzymes
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concerning pH, when is enzyme activity decreased?
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when the pH is increased or decrease at all from the optimum pH. Enzymes need to be in the presence of their optimum pH in order to complete the biological uses they are intended for, acids and alkalis can denature enzymes.
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concerning pH, when is enzyme activity decreased?
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when the pH is increased or decrease at all from the optimum pH. Enzymes need to be in the presence of their optimum pH in order to complete the biological uses they are intended for, acids and alkalis can denature enzymes.
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explain how substrate concentration can increase enzyme activity.
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with more substrates, random collisions between substrate and active site happen more frequently increasing enzyme activity.
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concerning pH, when is enzyme activity decreased?
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when the pH is increased or decrease at all from the optimum pH. Enzymes need to be in the presence of their optimum pH in order to complete the biological uses they are intended for, acids and alkalis can denature enzymes.
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explain how substrate concentration can increase enzyme activity.
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with more substrates, random collisions between substrate and active site happen more frequently increasing enzyme activity.
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explain how substrate concentration can increase enzyme activity.
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with more substrates, random collisions between substrate and active site happen more frequently increasing enzyme activity.
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What is Pectinase
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Pectinase is an enzyme that breaks down pectin by hydrolysis reactions. --it is an enzyme that breaks down pectin by hydrolysis reactions.--
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How is pectinase obtained?
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pectinase is obtained by artificially culturing a fungus, which naturally grows on fruits and uses pectinase to soften the cell walls of the fruit so that it can grow through it.
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what is the use of pectinase in biotechnology?
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when a ripe fruit is crushed pectins forms between the cell wall and the cytoplasm of the fruit cells, making the juice difficult to separate, pectinase is added during crushing of fruit to break down the pectin.
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what are the advantages of pectinase
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Pectinase increase the volume of juice that is obtained and makes the juice less cloudy by helping solids in the juice to settle and be separated from the fluid.
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what is Protease?
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protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into souuble peptides and amiono acids.
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how is protease obtained?
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protease is obtained by culturing a bacterium (Bacillus licheniformis) and grows in alkaline conditions. it beads on proteins by secreting protease, which has a high pH optimum of between 9 and 10.
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what is the use of Protease in biotechnology?
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detergents in laundry washing powders remove fats and oils, musch of the dirt on clothing is made of protein and if protease is added, it digests the protein during the wash.
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what are the advantages of using protease?
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if protease is not used? only a very high temperature wash can be used to removed stains. Protease allows much lower temperatures to be used, with lower energy and less risk of shrinkage of garments or loss of color.
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