B1: You And Your Genes

Front 1

Where are they found?

Back 1

Genes are found in the chromosome, chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell.

Front 2

Structural Proteins

Back 2

Definition: To build the body
Examples: structural proteins such as the ones found in muscles and hair e.g. collagen

Front 3

Functional Proteins

Back 3

Definition: To take part in the chemical reactions of the body
Examples: enzymes, such as proteases and other digestive enzymes e.g. amylase

Front 4

How are foetuses produced?

Back 4

Each sex cell has 23 chromosomes each and when joined together create a random combination of 23 pairs of chromosomes these decide aspects of the babies development.

Front 5

Huntington's Disease

Back 5

Huntington's Disease is caused by a DOMINANT allele.
Symptoms include late onset, tremor, clumsiness, memory loss, inability to concentrate, mood changes

Front 6

What chance is there of a female or male?

Back 6

This shows that there is a 50% chance of the baby being male or female, by developing the growth of testes however this is decided by the male.

Front 7

Dolly the Sheep

Back 7

1. The nucleus is take from an unfertilised sheep egg cell.
2. The nucleus is taken out of a body cell from a different sheep.
3. This body cell nucleus is put into the empty egg cell.
4. The cell grows to produce a new animal. Its genes will be the same as those of the animal that donated the nucleus. So it will be a clone of that animal.

Front 8

Cystic Fibrosis

Back 8

Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a RECESSIVE allele.
Symptoms include thick mucus, difficulty breathing, chest infections, difficulty digesting food.

Front 9

IVF

Back 9

1. Sally takes a drug containing hormones which release several eggs.
2. The doctor then collects the eggs.
3. Sperm is then used to fertilise the eggs.
4. This is then put back into the body of the patient.

Front 10

PGD

Back 10

1. Sally takes a drug containing hormones which release several eggs.
2. The doctor then collects the eggs.
3. Sperm is then used to fertilise the eggs.
4. When the embryos reach the eight-cell stage, one cell is remove them each.
5. The cells are then tested.
6. Cells without faulty alleles are implanted in the patients uterus.

Front 11

Therapeutic Cloning

Back 11

Growing new tissues and organs from cloning embryonic stem cells. The new tissues and organs are used to treat people who are ill or injured.

Front 12

Stem Cells

Back 12

Unspecialised animal cell that can divide and develop into specialised cells.

Front 13

Clone

Back 13

A new cell or individual made by asexual reproduction. A clone has the same genes as its parent.

Front 14

Environmental Factors

Back 14

This is variation cause by the environment.
For example diet, climate, culture, lifestyle and physical accidents.

Front 15

Gene

Back 15

A section of DNA giving the instructions for a cell abut how to make one kind of protein.

Front 16

DNA

Back 16

The chemical that makes up chromosomes. DNA carries the genetic code, which controls how organisms develop.

Front 17

Chromosome

Back 17

Long, thin, threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell made from a molecule of DNA. Chromosomes carry the genes.

Front 18

Allele

Back 18

Different versions of the same gene.

Front 19

Dominant

Back 19

Describes an allele that will show up in an organism even if a different allele of the gene is present. You only need to have on copy of a dominant allele to have the feature it produces.

Front 20

Recessive

Back 20

An allele that will only show up in an organism when a dominant allele of the gene is not present. You must have have two copies of a recessive allele to have the feature it produces.

Front 21

Identical Twins

Back 21

Identical twins are formed when a fertilised egg starts to divide and splits to form two babies instead of one. Each baby has the same genetic information. This means any differences between them and because of the environment.

Front 22

Genetic Variation

Back 22

This is due to the fact that all sex cells vary and there are millions of different combinations available, this is why siblings only share 50% of the same DNA as one another and 50% the same as the parents however this is due to an equal split of chromosomes.

Front 23

Homozygous

Back 23

Having identical alleles for a single trait.

Front 24

Heterozygous

Back 24

Having different alleles for a single trait.