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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the seven food groups?

Carbohydrates


Fats


Proteins


Vitamins


Minerals


Fibre


Water

What is a malnourished diet?

A diet that is missing one or more of the seven food groups or has one or more group that is not in balance with the others.

When does obesity occur?

When you much energy rich food sources are eaten and the energy is not used. The energy is stored as fat under the skin and around the organs.

What can obesity cause?

It can cause heart disease which leads to to heart attacks and strokes, bowel cancer and arthritis.

When does starvation occur and what are the symptoms?

When not enough protein is eaten. The muscles waste, periods stop and the immune system does not work.

What is anorexia?

A mental disorder where people do not eat even though they have access to food. It has the same symptoms as starvation.

What is metabolic rate?

The rate at which energy is used up by the body's cells.


The speed at which the chemical reactions that keep you alive happen.

Why do athletes have higher metabolic rates?

Because they have more muscle cells and muscle cells use up more energy than fat cells

What are some factors that affect the metabolic rate?

Inherited factors


Exercise (more exercise=more muscle cells=higher rate)


Eating a balanced diet at regular intervals


Age


Gender


How active your lifestyle is

Is skipping meals good for losing weight?

No because eating decreases metabolic rate so skipping meals is bad for losing weight.

How and where is cholestrol made?

It's made in the liver from the fat we eat. Different types of fat make different types of cholestrol.

What are saturated fats and what do they make (cholestrol wise)?

Hard fats such as butter or lard. They make LDL or bad cholestrol which clogs arteries.

What are poly and mono-unsaturated fats and what do they make?

Oils such as vegetable and olive oil. They make HDL or good cholestrol which lowers the amount of LDL and bad cholestrol.

What are statins?

Drugs that lower the amount of cholestrol. They have side effects however and had to be tested to make sure they were safe, worked and were cost effective.

What is type 2 diabetes?

If you have too much carbohydrate your body may not recognise insulin that helps remove glucose from your body.

What is type 1 diabetes?

When the immune system mistakenly sees insulin producing cells in the pancreas as a forgein and destroys them. Scientists don't know why this happens.

What are pathogens?

Microorganisms that make us ill. They can be bacteria, virus or fungi.

How do bacteria make us ill?

By making toxins that poison us. The largest are only 10 micrometers long. In the correct conditions (warmth, moisture and nutrients) they can multiply rapidly.

How do virus make us ill?

By taking over cells and making them produce more virus which then burst out of the cell killing it. Viruses are a lot smaller than bacteria. They can only reproduce inside host cells.

What are the two types of white blood cells?

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

How to phagocytes protect us?

Surround, engulf and digest bacteria killing them.

How to phagocytes protect us?

Surround, engulf and digest bacteria killing them.

How do lymphocytes protect us?

They produce sticky antibodies that stick to antigens found in the surface of each pathogen. This neutralises the pathogen and the lymphocyte then reproduces to make more of the antibodies.


They glue together many pathogens so that phagocytes can kill many all in one go. This allows WBC to kill pathogens quickly once enough antibodies have been made.

What are toxins?

Things bacteria make that make us feel ill.

What are anti toxins?

Chemicals made by white blood cells to get rid of toxins.

What are vaccinations?

Injecting dead or weakened pathogens can cause the needed antibodies to be made without making us ill.

How do we become immune to illnesses?

Once we have enough antibodies, produced from times with vaccinations, they stay in our body making us immune to that pathogen. The pathogen is quickly killed the next time it infects us before it makes us ill because the body knows which antibody to use.

Describe the process of a vaccination.

1. A dead/weakened version of the pathogens are injected into the blood stream


2. Lymphocytes try to fight the pathogens until they find a suitable antibody.


3. Lymphocytes then reproduce to make more of this antibody.


4. The weakened pathogens are destroyed.


5. When attacked by the live pathogens in the future, lymphocytes will know which antibodies to use.


6. The response is quicker so there is less time for infection.

Who was Ignaz Semmelweiss?

A doctor who noticed the importance of washing hands to prevent the spreading of pathogens.

What are antiseptics?

Soaps that kill the pathogens on our body.

Where can disease enter our body?

Eyes


Nose


Ears


Mouth


Open wounds


Genital areas

How is disease prevented from getting into our bodies?

Tears


Saliva


Skin


Hydrochloric acid in stomach

What is MMR?

A vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella that is given to children. It was thought to cause autism in children but this proved not to be the case.

What are antibiotics?

They kill bacteria inside our bodies by breaking down the bacteria's cell wall.

What is resistant bacteria?

Antibiotics can kill most of the bacteria inside of us but a few won't be affected by the antibiotics.


These bacteria are mutants and are resistant to the bacteria.


The few that survive quickly multiply and all the new bacteria will be resistant to the antibiotic.

Give an example of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

MRSA is an example of antibiotic resistant bacteria. New antibiotics must be created to kill these resistant bacteria.

Give an example of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

MRSA is an example of antibiotic resistant bacteria. New antibiotics must be created to kill these resistant bacteria.

Why don't doctors give antibiotics unless necessary?

Doctors only give antibiotics when absolutely needed in order to prevent the bacteria becoming resistant.

Give an example of an antibiotic.

Penicillin

How can we test how effective antiseptic and disinfectants are?

Collect samples of bacteria from the area that's been cleaned with the antiseptic/disinfectant.


The grow the bacteria and allow them to multiply on sterile agar jelly in a petri dish.


The dishes need to be sealed to stop bacteria getting in.


The fewer the bacteria the better the antiseptic/disinfectant.

How can we keep things sterile in an experiment?

Innoculation loop: Heat it in a blue flame to kill bacteria. Place the loop in the bench to cool. Don't blow on it due to risk of contamination.


Petri dish: Lift the lid only slightly so fewer bacteria can enter from outside. Seal the Petri dish.


Culture Media/ Glassware: Steralise them in an auticave to reduce pathogen.


Hands: Wash hands.

How do we grow bacterium? (Step by step)

1. Wash hands.


2. Open petri dish slightly.


3. Steralise loop in blue flame.


4. Don't blow on the loop or put it down.


5. Put the loop in test tube with bacterium.


6. Swipe the loop across the jelly in a zig zag pattern.


7. Tape the petri dish closed.

What are receptor cells?

Cells in our sense organs that detect changes in our surroundings (stimuli).

What do receptor cells in eyes, ears, the tongue and skin do?

Eyes have receptor cells sensitive to changes in light.


Ears have receptor cells sensitive to changes in sound and position/balance.


The tongue has receptor cells sensitive to changes in chemicals in good and drink.


The skin have receptor cells sensitive to changes in touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

What are neurones?

Individual nerve cells that electrical messages called impulses travel along.

What are the main steps of the reflex arc?

Receptor neurones



Sensory neurone


Synapse


Relay neurone in C.N.S.


Synapse


Motor neurone


Effector (muscle)



The response is made

What are hormones?

Chemicals released directly into the blood and carried in the plasma to other parts of the body.

What can hormones affect?

Hormones only affect target cells in particular places.

Describe a nervous response?

Very fast action, acts for a short time and acts on a precise area.

Describe a hormonal reaction?

Slower action, act for a long time and act in a more general way.

Describe the four stages of the menstrual cycle.

Stage 1: 1-4 Uterus lining breaks down


Stage 2: 4-13 Uterus lining builds up again ready to receive egg


Stage 3: 14 egg is released


Stage 4: 14-28 if no fertilzed egg lands on uterus the wall breaks down

What is FSH

Its a hormone produced in pituitary gland, stimulates egg to mature and stimulates oestrogen production

What is oestrogen?

A hormone produced in the ovaries which inhibits FSH production and stimates LH production

What is LH

A hormone made in the pituitary gland that stimulates egg release

How can a women's fertility be increased?

FSH and LH can be injected.


This helps women get preganant but doesn't always work, too many eggs could be stimulated and it's expensive.

How does IVF work?

FSH and LH are given to stimulate egg production. Eggs are collected from ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a lab, the embryos are then injected into the woman's uterus.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IVF?

It gives an infertile couple a child.


Woman may react to hormones


Reports of increased risk of cancer


Multiple births are possible which are risky for mother and babies.


What is the pill?

An oral contraceptive made up of oestrogen and progesterone.

What were the original issues with the pill?

There were concerns about oestrogen's links to side effects such as blood clots. The pill now has a lower dosage of oestrogen to reduce side effects.

How does oestrogen reduce fertility?

It can prevent the release of an egg of taken daily to keep it at a high level. It inhibits FSH production so eventually egg development will stop.

What do drugs do?

Change your body chemistry which can lead to your body becoming addicted to drugs. When addicted of the drug isn't taken withdrawal symptoms will occur.

What are four examples of addictive drugs?

Heroine, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine.

What are statins?

Persciption drugs that lower risk of heart disease and blood cholesterol. They were tested by an independent goverment group to avoid bias.

What are the stages of testing drugs?

Stage 1- drug design


Stage 2- animal testing


Stage 3- healthy humans tested for side effects


Stage 4- if it works


Stage 5- different doses and types of people

What was thalidomide?

A drug intended as a sleeping pill and tested for that use but was later found to be useful in curing morning sickness in pregnant women but not tested for this use.

What were the effects of the drug?

It passed through the placenta and affected the fetus so some babies were born with no arms or legs.

What are auxins?

Hormones that control growth near the tips of shoots and roots in plants and respond to tropisms and moisture.

What are living indicators?

Organisms sensitive to change in their environment that can be studied to see the effects of human activity.

How can we observe air pollution?

Lichens are sensitive to sulfur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. If there's a lot of lichens that area of clean.

How can we tell if water is clean?

Mayfly larvae are sensitive to dissolved oxygen concentration in water. If there's lots of maylfy larvae in the river you know it's clean. E.g. if lots of raw sewage was released into a river, the bacteria would use up to oxygen

How can we tell if there's high water pollution?

Rat-tailed maggots and sludgeworms adapted to live in polluted conditions so if they're there there is a very high water pollution.

What do satellites measure?

The temp of the sea's surface and the amount of snow and ice coverage.

What do automatic weather stations tell us?

Atmospheric temperature in various locations using sensitive and accurate thermometers.

What do rain gauges measure

Rainfall by finding out how much average rainfall changes each year.

What do dissolved oxygen meters tell us.

Concentration of dissolved oxygen in water to discover how water pollution levels are changing.

How have desert animals adapted?

They have adapted to save water and keep cool.



Large surface area so they lose more body heat and don't overheat.


Efficient with water- concentrated urine and produce little sweat.


Good in hot conditions due to thin layers of body fat.


Camouflage- sandy colours to help them avoid predators or sneak up on prey.


How have desert animals adapted?

They've adapted to having little water.



The have a small surface area because plants lose water vapour from leaf surfaces


Water storage tissues- cacti store water in thick stem

What is Darwin's theory?

Individuals with characteristics better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive than others and they will pass the characteristic on to their offspring.

Why did people disgree with Drawins theory?

It went against common religious beliefs.


He didn't have a good explanation for why characteristics appeared.


There was a lack of evidence so he didn't convince enough scientists.

What was Lamark's theory?

Characteristics used by an organism often in it's lifetime will develop and be passed on to offspring.

What were the problems with his theory?

Physical changes don't change our genetics so it won't be passed on.


His experiments didn't support his hypothesis.


Genetics hadn't been discovered yet.

What are the advantages of GM crops?

They can be grown in times and places that normal crops can't.


They can be produced in mass and feed the hungry.


Can help get nutrients in people's diets that they are missing.

What are the disadvantages of GM crops?

Not everyone thinks they're safe.


Could reduce farmland biodiversity.


Could create new 'superweed' variety.

What is genetic engineering?

When a useful gene from one organism's chromosome is copied into the cells of another.

Describe the process of genetic engineering?

1. Useful gene identified.


2. Gene cut out using restriction enzymes.


3. A bacterium's gene is cut out.


4. The useful gene is insterted into bacterium


5. Bacterium reproduced asexually making clones that carry the useful gene.


6. The useful gene is extracted.

What can the GE process be used for?

It can be done with insulin producing genes as the useful gene and then can be given to help people with diabetes.

Describe the process of embryo transplants?

1. Egg is fertilized with sperm in lab.


2. After it has divided they're separated.


3. Transplanted in host mother's womb.

Describe the process of adult cell cloning.

1. Nucleus of unfertilized egg cell is removed.


2. Nucleus of body cell is removed and insterted into 'empty' egg cell.


3. The cell is given and electric shock so it can divide like a normal embryo.


4. Implanted into surrogate womb


5. Grows as a gentical clone of the original body cell.

Describe the process of tissue culture cloning?

1. Cells are taken from the shoot of the plant.


2. They placed in jelly with nutrients and chemicals to help cells grow and divide.


3. The cells made are called callus.


4. They're put in individual jelly so roots can grow.


5. When large enough they're planted in soil.

What's the order of genetics in a cell?

Cell, nucleus, 64 chromosomes, genes, DNA

What is biomass?

The mass of living material