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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the things that can increase blood pressure |
Increase: Smoking, being overweight, drinking too much alcohol and being under lots of stress for a long time. |
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Name the things that can decrease blood pressure |
Decrease: Lifestyle changes e.g. eating a balanced diet, doing regular exercise etc or drugs. |
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Explain how narrowed arteries can lead to a heart attack |
If the coronary arteries become narrowed blood flow to the heart is restricted and the heart muscle receives less oxygen. This causes a heart attack. |
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Explain how thrombosis can increase the risk of a heart attack |
If a thrombosis occurs in an already narrow coronary artery, blood flow to the heart might be blocked completely. If this happens, an area of heart muscle will be cut off from oxygen supply. This causes a heart attack. |
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What is a thrombosis |
A thrombosis is a blood clot. |
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different ways of measuring fitness |
Strength, speed, agility and flexibility, together with stamina |
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How does Carbon monoxide affect the blood? |
It reduces the amount of oxygen carried in the red blood. |
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How does nicotine effect people |
Nicotine is a stimulant that speeds up heart rate and makes blood vessels narrower. it is highly addictive |
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what are carbohydrates, proteins and fats are made from |
.Carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars like glucose .fats are mad up of fatty acids and glycerol .proteins are made up of amino acids. |
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why is protein deficiency linked to developing countries |
Overpopulation means the demand for protein-rich food is greater than the amount available so not everyone gets enough. There's not a lot of money to invest in agriculture; without good farming techniques it's difficult to produce protein-rich food. |
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What is the EAR calculation |
EAR(g) = 0.6 x body mass(kg). Teenagers & pregnant women need more protein |
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What is the BMI calculation |
BMI = body mass/ (height)2 |
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difference between 1st class 2nd and class proteins |
Animal proteins are first class proteins because the contain all essential amino acids but proteins that don't contain all the essential amino acids, from plants, are called second class proteins. |
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What happens to excess carbohydrates in the body? |
They are stored in the liver as glycogen or converted into fats |
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What happens to excess amino acids from your diet? |
They cannot be stored and are excreted in the urine. |
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how do pathogens cause the symptoms of disease |
The pathogens produce toxins of create damage to the cells which cause the symptoms of infectious diseases. |
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why does each pathogen need a specific antibody |
Every pathogen has unique molecules on the surface of it cells. When your white blood cells come across foreign antigen they start to produce antibodies. The antibodies produced are specific to that pathogen - they won't lock onto another pathogen. |
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what is immunisation |
injecting dead or weakened pathogens into the body, which carry antigens. They trigger an immune response so your white blood cells produce antibodies to attack the diease. Some of these will remain in the body as memory cells. |
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What are some objections to some forms of drug testing? |
Some people dislike drugs being tested on animals in case they get harmed |
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What are diseases that can spread from person to person called? |
An Infectious diseases. |
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Any organism that causes disease is called a? |
Pathogen. |
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What substance in the stomach kills pathogens in our food? |
Hydrochloric acid. |
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An animal which carries an organism that causes disease is called a? Given an example. |
A vector e.g. mosquitoes. |
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what is accommodation |
Accommodation refers to the process of the eye focusing on near and distant object. |
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what is a reflex action |
A reflex action is fast, automatic response to a stimulus. |
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what is monocular vision |
Vision in one eye is monocular vision - it provides a wider field of view but poor judgement of distances |
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what is binocular vision |
Vision in two eyes is binocular vision - it provides a narrower field of view but better judgement of distances. |
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FrontBackRecall examples of each drug category. |
Depressants - alcohol, solvents and tamazepam. Stimulants - nicotine, ecstasy and caffeine. Painkillers - aspirin and paracetamol. Performance enhancers - Anabolic steroids. |
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What are the drug classifications |
Drugs are classified into three main categories, depending on how harmful they are. Class A is the most harmful and Class C is the least harmful. |
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how does a depressant work |
Stimulants increase the amount of transmitter chemical at some synapses, which increases the frequency of impulses. Depressants bind with receptor molecules on the membrane, blocking the electrical impulses. This decreases brain activity. |
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the effects of alcohol on the liver |
Alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver. Too much alcohol over a long period of time these toxic products can cause death of liver cells, forming scar tissue that stops blood reaching the liver |
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Which area of the brain controls body tempreture? |
The Hypothalamus. |
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Give 2 examples of plant hormones. |
Auxins and Gibberellins. |
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what do plant hormones do |
control the growth of shoots, roots, flowers and ripening of fruits. |
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A directional growth response in plants is called |
A tropism |
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What is a gene code for? |
this give you your characteristics |
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Give an example of a characteristic controlled only by genes. |
Dimples, eye colour, natural hair colour |
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Give an example of a characteristic controlled only by environmental factors. |
scars,dyed hair, tattoos |
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Name a characteristic controlled by BOTH genes and environmental factors. |
Skin colour, weight E.g you could have a very fast metabolism (genetic) and eat loads (environmental). |
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how many pairs of chromosomes do you have? |
23 pairs so therefore you have 46 in total. |
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In a cell what contains your DNA? |
Your nucleus. |
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What is your genetic material arranged into? |
Chromosomes, these are long strands of DNA. |
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How many chromosomes does a sex cell contain? |
23, they join with the other 23 from other parent and become the 23 pairs. |
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What are genetic disorders caused by? |
Faulty Alleles. |
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Briefly state how scientists can clone animals in labs. |
1.) Nucleaus of egg cell is removed. 2.)Nucleus from donor cell is inserted in its place. 3.)New cell is stimulated starts dividing as if it was a normal embryo. 4.)Embryo produced is genetically identical to donor cell. |
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What are stem cells? |
Unspecialised cells that can develop into anything in the body. |
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what is the difference between fit and healthy |
fit is the ability to do exercise and healthy isbeing free from disease. |
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What are the 2 main types of pathogens? |
Virus & Bacteria |
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What do white blood cells do to deal with pathogens? |
Ingest Antitoxins to neutralise the toxins from the pathogens Antibodies to destroy pathogens |
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Name bacteria infections |
Tetanus Whooping cough Food poisoning Cholera TB |
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Name viruses |
Mumps Measles Rubella Colds Flu Polio |
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The sequence of the nervous system |
Receptor Sensory Neurone Relay Neurone Spinal chord/brain Motor Neurone Effector |
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What do relay neurones do? |
Carry impulses to different parts of the CNS |
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What is a stimuli? |
A change in the environment |
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What is special about a reflex action? |
They by-pass the brain to make the reaction as quick as possible |
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What is the term given to the gap with neurones? |
Synapse |
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How are messages passed between neurones? |
Electrical impulse reaches synapse Impulse is converted into chemicals which pass through the gap Receptors in the following neurone detect chemicals Electrical impulses are generated |
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Where are hormones produced? |
Glands |
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How can you increase fertility? |
Give extra FSH and LH in a pill |
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How can you reduce fertility? |
Give oestrogen and progesterone (birth control pill) |
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What 3 things do plants respond to? |
LightMoistureGravity |
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What are auxins? |
Hormones that control the way plants respond to light and gravity |
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What is phototropism? |
A plants response to light Auxins build up on the darker side of the plant, forcing the plant to grow towards the light |
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What is geotropism? |
A plants response to gravity The auxins go to the side of the plant and forces the roots to grow downwards |
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What is the definition of a drug? |
A chemical substance that alters the way your body works |
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What does carbon monoxide do?Why is it bad for pregnant women to smoke? |
Reduce oxygen capacity within the bloodThe fetus can be deprived of oxygen and therefore have a low birth mass |
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Where are chromosomes found? |
Nucleus |
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What are gametes? |
Sex cells |
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What is the purpose of lichens? |
To detect air pollution because they are affected by sulphur dioxide levels |
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Why is it hard to kill viral pathogens? |
Because they live and reproduce inside cells so its hard to develop a drug that kills viruses without damaging the body's own tissues |
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What is glucose converted into? |
Energy |
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What is energy used for? |
Movement
Keeping the body warm |
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What is an adaptation? |
A feature that makes an organism well suited to its environment |
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What happens when an animal eats a plant?How can this be represented? |
They gain the stored energy within the plant that was obtained through photosynthesis In a food chain |
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What is biomass? |
The mass of a living material |
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Why is biomass and energy lost at every stage of a food chain? |
Materials and energy are lost in an organisms waste material Energy released through respiration (used for heat and movement) is eventually transferred to the surroundings |
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What is the first stage of the carbon cycle? |
Carbon dioxide is removed from environment through photosynthesis through green plants Some carbon dioxide is returned to atmosphere when green plants respire |
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What is the second stage of the carbon cycle? |
Plants use carbon from carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates, fats and proteins. When animals eat plants, some of the carbon becomes part of the fats and proteins that make up their bodies |
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What is the third stage of the carbon cycle? |
Animals respire, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere |
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What is the fourth stage of the carbon cycle? |
When organisms die, other animals and microorganisms feed on their bodies or waste, causing them to break down |
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What is the fifth stage of the carbon cycle |
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere when detritus feeds and microorganisms respire |
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Lens |
Can change its shape to focus light onto the retina |
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Iris |
controls the intensity of the light entering through the pupil |
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Ciliary muscles |
changes thickness of the lens when focusing |
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Optic nerve |
Carries nerve impulses away to the brain |
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Retina |
inner light sensitive area later which contains rod cells that work in dim light and cone cells that detect colour and details |
