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54 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

Why blood in arteries is under pressure?

Heart contracts =blood under pressure and sent to arteries

Why is the blood in the arteries under pressure?

So blood reaches all parts if the body supplying cells glucose and oxygen=respiration

Blood pressure measured in?

systolic (first no.)+ diastolic (second no.)

What Increases blood pressure?

Excess weight = circulatory system works harder to pump blood around body


stress


Alcohol


Diet


high saturated fat= Cholesterol=plaque = block blood flow= heart attack


sugar


salt-raise blood pressure


Smoking - carbon monoxide = reduce oxygen in blood=increase heart rate+ blood pressure + nicotine increase heart rate

Disadvantage of high blood pressure ?

Blood vessels weaken = burst = stroke/brain damage


=Kidney=kidney damage

What decreases blood pressure?

Regular exercise


Balanced diet

Disadvantage of low blood pressure?

Less glucose + oxygen


= dizziness


Fainting


Cold feet


Kidney failure

Fitness?

Ability to undertake physical activity

Healthy?

Free from infections and diseases

Different way of measuring fitness?

Strength


Stamina


Flexibility


Agility


Speed

What's cardiovascular efficiency?

How well heart copes with aerobic exercise + how quickly it recovers afterwards

why carbon monoxide reduces carrying capacity of red blood cells?

Carbon monoxide take the place of oxygen in the haemoglobin so the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is greatly reduced

What block arteries and cause heart attack?

High fat diet


High cholesterol


Narrowed coronary arteries


Thrombosis

Why a balanced diet needs:


protein


Carbohydrate


Minerals


Vitamins


Fibre


water

protein- amino acid


Carbohydrates - glucose


Iron - to make haemoglobin in red blood cellsVitamins c -prevent scurvyFibres - prevent constipation + healthy bowelswater - prevent dehydration + help remove waste

What's carbohydrates made up of?

Glucose

What is fat made up of?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Where are carbohydrates stored?

Liver as glycogen or converted into fats

Where is fat stored?

Under skin and around organs

What and why do balanced diets depend on?

Beliefs - animal warfare


Religious belief - pig and meat


Medical issue's - food allergies


Age - older = more calories


Younger = less calories


Sex - male more calories


Activity - physical job (calories)


Why kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) common in developing countries?

Over population + limited investment in agriculture

What first class protein?

Animal proteins which has amino acids which can't be made by the body

What's second protein?

Plant protein

Why high protein is needed for teenagers?

protein = nutrients to grow

Why in developing countries ppm get less protein?

Have less food to eat

What energy source is used when fats/carbohydrates are unavailable?

Proteins

What EAR varies for?

Age, pregnancy and lactation

What health risk are caused by obesity?

Arthritis, heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer

What leads to poor diet?

Low self esteem, poor self image and desire for perfection

What are infections caused by?

Pathogens

What's a parasite and host?

Host - where the vector lives


Parasite - organisms that live off another organisms

What are these cause by?

Athletes foot - fungi


Flu - virus


Cholera - bacteria


Malaria - Protozoa

How malaria vectors spread diseases?

Mosquito sucks blood from the human host

How human body defends against pathogens?

Skin = barrier


Blood clotting = prevents entry.of pathogens


Mucus= traps pathogen


Hydrochloric acid in stomach kills pathogen

Lifestyle changes that reduce risk of some cancers?

Don't smoke


Don't drink


Avoid sunburn


Ear healthy diet

Whats benign tumor

Grows in one place

What's a Malignant tumor

When it grows to other parts of body

What's an infectious and non infectious disease?

Infections spread from one person to another (catch)


Non infectious no pathogen is involved can't be passed on

What's immunisation?

Protection form certain pathogens

How do pathogens cause symptoms of an infectious disease?

Cell damage and production of toxins

Pathogens and antigens

Every pathogen has its own antigen so specific antibody is needed

How pathogens that enter body is destroyed by immune system?

Pathogen engulfed by white blood cell and destroyed by anitbodies

What do antibodies do?

Lock onto antigens leading to the death of the pathogens

Process of immunisation

Harmless pathogen given which carries antigen


Antigens trigger immune response by white blood cells which produce antibodies


Memory cells produced

What's passive immunity?

Receive anitbodies

What's active immunity?

Make own antibodies

Benefits and risks of immunisation

Benefit


Protects against pathogens that can kill or cause disability


Disease can't spread


Risk


Bad reaction


Not 100% safe

Whats antibiotics?

Kills bacteria and fungi

What's antiviral drugs

Treats diseases caused by viruses only

Why you should be careful of the use of antibiotics

MRSA bacteria is resistant to most antibiotics = dangerous

Why rare drugs tested before used?

To make sure it's effective and safe

How treatment are tested on


Animals


Human tissue


Computer models

Animals - how living organisms effectedHuman tissue - how human cells effectedComputer models - predict how cells are effected and know info and works of similar drugs

Problems of these testings


AnimalsHuman tissue

Animals - animal crueltyHuman tissue - unnatural and wrong

How animals detect changes in their environment?

Receptors which generate nerve impulses

Function of


Cornea


Lens


Lens


Retina


Optic nerve

Function of


Cornea - refracts light


Lens - controls how much light enters pupil


Lens - focuses light on the retina


Retina - has light receptors sensitive to light of different coloursOptic nerve - carries impulses to the nerve