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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axial
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skull, vertebral column, rib cage
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appendicular
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girdles and limbs
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Long Bones
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longer than wider; most bones of limbs, including fingers
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Short Bones
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cube like; wrist and ankle, mostly spongy bone
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Short Bones- Sesamoid
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Like patella; within tendon; variety
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Flat Bones
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skull (most), ribs, sternum
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Irregular Bone
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do not fit other classes; vertebrae and hip bones
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Bone Markings
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bulges, depressions, holes; attachment, articulation, passage
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Attachment sites
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usually a projection; tendon or ligament
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Attach. Site- Tuberosity
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large rounded projection; deltoid tuberosity
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Attach. Site-Crest
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narrow ridge of bone; iliac crest; abdominal muscles
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Attach. Site-trochanter
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large, blunt, irregular, femur, some muscles of hip joint
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Attach. Site-Line
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narrow ridge of bone; linea aspera; thigh muscles
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Attach. Site-tubercule
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mall rounded projection; humerus; muscle attachment
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Attach. Site-epicondyle
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projection above condyle
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Attach. Site-spine
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sharp pointed process; scapula; muscle attachment
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Attach. Site-process
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any prominence; spinous process
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Articulation Surfaces
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projections, flatting, depression
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Art. Surf.-Head
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bony expansion; narrow neck; head of femur
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Art. Surf.-facet
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smooth articulating surfaces; thoracic vertebrae
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Art. Surf.-condyle
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rounded articulation projection
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Art. Surf.-ramus
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arm like; mandible
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Art. Surf.-fossa
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depression; articulation surface
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Passage-
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blood vessels; nerves; other opening
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Passage-Sinus
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cavity in bone; lined with mucus membrane; air
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Passage-groove
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furrow; intertuburcular groove humerus; tendon biceps
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Passage-fissure
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narrow slit like opening; superior orbital fissure
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Passage-foreman
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hole; mental foramen of mandible
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Passage-meatus
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canal; auditory meatus
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AXIAL SKELETON:
Cranium |
portion of the skull which protects the brain
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Sutures
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where cranial bones articulate with other cranial bones
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Occipitamastoid Suture
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between occipital and temporal bones
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Frontal bone:
Supraorbital foramen |
nerve, artery passage
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Frontal bone:
Frontal Sinus |
air filled space
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Parietal Bones
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superiolateral bones of cranium
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Occipital bone
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posterior wall and base of cranium
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Frontal Bone
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anterior portion of cranium
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Occipital bone:
foramen magnum |
large hole where spinal cord meets the brain
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Occipital bone:
occipital condyle |
two; articulate with first vertebrae
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Occipital bone:
external occipital protuberance |
bump on the back of the head
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Temporal Bone
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inferiolateral bones of the cranium
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Temporal Bone:
Zygomatic process |
zygomatic bone; cheek bone
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Temporal Bone:
mandibular fossa |
articulation with mandible
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Temporal Bone:
external auditory meatus |
external ear canal
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Temporal Bone:
styloid process |
tongue neck muscle attachment
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Temporal Bone:
mastoid process |
neck muscle attachment
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Temporal Bone:
jugular foramen |
at junction with occipital; internal jugular vein; 3 cranial nerves
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Temporal Bone:
cartoid canal |
anterior to above; internal carotid
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Temporal Bone:
internal acoustic meatus |
facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
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Sphenoid Bone
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middle of cranium inferiorly; articulates, all bones of the cranium
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Sphenoid Bone:
Sphenoid sinuses |
paired; in body of the sphenoid
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Sphenoid Bone:
sella turcica |
pituitary gland
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Sphenoid Bone:
greater wing |
orbit; cranial fossa; xternal wall
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Sphenoid Bone:
lesser wing |
orbit; cranial fossa
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Sphenoid Bone:
optic foramen |
optic nerve
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Sphenoid Bone:
superior orbital fissure |
between greated and lesser wings; eye muscle control
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Ethmoid Bone
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anterior to sphenoid bone; much of the medial orbit and nasal cavities
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Ethmoid Bone:
cribriform plate |
roof of nasal cavaties; olfactory foramina
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Ethmoid Bone:
crista galli |
dura matter attached; secures the brain
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Ethmoid Bone:
perpendicular plate |
superior part of the nasal septum
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Ethmoid Bone:
lateral masses |
left and right
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Ethmoid Bone:
ethmoid sinuses |
in the lateral masses
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Ethmoid Bone:
nasal concha |
superor and medial
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Cranial Fossa
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floor of cranium; three distinct ridges
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Cranial Fossa:
posterior cranial fossa |
occipital bone
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Cranial Fossa:
middle cranial fossa |
sphenoid and part of the temporal
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Cranial Fossa:
anterior cranial fossa |
mostly frontal, ethmoid
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SKULL: FACIAL BONES
Mandible |
lower jaw
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Mandible:
body |
forms the chin
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Mandible:
ramus |
the uprights
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Mandible:
mandibular angle |
where ramus meets angle
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Mandible:
coronoid process |
chewing muscle insertion; temporalis muscle
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Mandible:
mandibular condyle |
to madibular fossa temporal bone; temporomandibular joint
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Mandible:
alveolar margin |
body; part which contains sockets (alveoli)
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Mandible:
mandibular foramina |
medial side of each ramus; nerve; teeth; novacain
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Mandible:
mental foramina |
blood and nerves to chin, lower lip
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Maxillary bone
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upper jaw; this bone articulates with most other facial bones
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Max. Bone:
alveolar margin |
upper teeth
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Max. Bone:
palatine process |
anterior 2/3rd of the hard palate
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Max. Bone:
maxillary sinuses |
largest; most inferior
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Zygomatic Bone
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cheek and inferiolateral orbit; temporal, frontal, and mazillar
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Nasal Bone
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fused paired bones; bridge of nose
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Lacrimal Bone
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anteriomedial aspect of the orbit
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lacrimal fossa
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tears to nasal cavity; lacrimal puncta; sac; canal; nasolacrimal duct
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Palatine Bone
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forms the posterior portion of the hard palate
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Vomer
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forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
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Inferior nasal concha
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shelf-like projections form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
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SKULL: ORBIT
Orbit |
houses eyes, ocular muscles, and tear glands; formed by seven bones
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frontal bone
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forms the superior wall of the orbit
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lacrimal bone
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forms the anteriomedial aspect of the orbit
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Sphenoid Bone
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forms the dorsal aspect of the orbit
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Sphenoid bone:
optic foramen |
optic nerve passes through
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Sphenoid Bone:
superior orbital fissure |
between greater and lesser wing
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Ethmoid Bone
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between lacrimal and sphenoid bones
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Zygomatic bone
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inferiolateral portion of the orbit
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maxillary bone
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inferiomedial portion of the orbit
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palatine bone
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forms small part of the inferior wall
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SKULL: NASAL CAVITY
Roof |
cribiform plate(ethmoid)
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Lateral Walls
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from superior to inferior
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Lateral Walls:
superior concha |
from ethmoid
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Lateral Walls:
middle concha |
from ethmoid
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Lateral Walls:
inferior nasal concha |
seperate bone
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Lateral Walls:
perpendicular plate |
palatine bone
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Floor
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roof of oral cavity
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Floor:
Palatine Process |
maxillary bone
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Floor:
palatine bone |
posterior to above
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Nasal Septum
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several components
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Nasal Septum:
Vomer |
posterior and inferior
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Nasal Septum:
perpendicular plate (ethmoid) |
posterior and superior
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Nasal Septum:
cartilage |
anteriorly
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SKULL: PARANASAL SINUSES
paranasal sinuses |
openings in skull; all paired; to nasal cavity via small canals
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functions
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lighten skull; warm inspired air; resonate voice
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frontal sinus
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most superior
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sphenoid
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anterior to ethmoid; found in body
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ethmoid
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two lateral masses are riddled with openings
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Maxillary
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the largest and most inferior
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HYOID BONE
Hyoid bone |
does not articulate with other bonjes; anchor for several muscles
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Larynx
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suspended by hyoid bone
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FONTANELS
Fontanels |
remnants of unossified remnants; compressed during birth
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Anterior fontanel
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between frontal and parietal; 1.5 to 2 years after birth; superior
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anterolateral fontanel
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sphenoid, temporal, frontal, and parietal; lateral
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posterolateral fontanel
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temporal, occipital, and parietal; lateral
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posterior fontanel
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between parietal and occipital
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN: LIGAMENTS
Ligaments |
support the vertebral column
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anterior longitudinal ligament
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resists hyperextension; bending too far back
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posterior longitudinal ligament
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resist hyperflexion; bending too far forward
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Other ligaments
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such as the supraspinous ligament
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN: INTERVETEBRAL DISC
intervetebral discs |
forms cushions between the body of each vertebra
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Nucleus pulposus
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inner semifluid portion; elasticity and compressability
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annulus fibrosis
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ring, fibrocartilage; connects vetrebrae holds in nucleus pulposus
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herniated disc
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annulus fibrosis, ruptured; nucleus pulposus protrudes; pressing on
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VETEBRAL COLUMNS: DIVISIONS
Cervical |
contains seven vertebrae
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thoracic
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contains 12
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lumbar
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contains 5
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sacrum
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contains 5 fused; articulates with pelvis
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Coccyx
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4 fused
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN: CURVATUREs
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S shaped in appearance
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Function
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springiness
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cervical
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concave to the posterior
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thoracic
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convex to the posterior
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lumbar
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concave to the posterior
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sacrum
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convex to the posterior
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primary curvatures
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thoracic and sacral in fetus
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secondary curvatures
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cervical and lumbar after birth
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abnormalities
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congenital, poor posture, disease, and unequal muscle pull
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abnormalities:
scoliosis |
lateral curve; most often in the thoracic region; girls; body braces
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abnormalities:
kyphosis |
hunchback dorsally exaggerated thoracic curveature; osteoporosis
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abnormalities:
lordosis |
exaggerated lumbar curvature; prgnant woman; men with beer bellies
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN: VERTEBRAL STRUTURE
body |
anterior weight bearing, disc shaped structure
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vertebral arch
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posterior arch of bone
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vertebral foramen
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opening between arch and body
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vertebral canal
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successive vertebral foramina; spinal cord
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spinous process
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posteriorly projection
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transverse process
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two extend laterally from each arch
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articular surfaces
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two superiod and two inferior
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN: ATLAS AND AXIS
atlas |
C1; no body or spinous process; articulates with occipital condyles(up and down movement of the skull)
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axis
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C2; Includes odentoid process (dens)knob like structure; rotates head like saying "no"
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN: REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics of Cervical vertebrae spinous process |
short, split; straight back; most
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Characteristics of Cervical vertebrae
transverse foramina |
vertebral artery; in transverse process
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characteristics of Thoracic vertebrae
spinous process |
long; points inferiorly
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characteristics of Thoracis vertebrae
facets |
on transverse processes; articulating with ribs
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characteristics of lumbar vert.
spinous process |
short, blunt, directly to posterior
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