Axial Skeleton

Front 1

Erector Spinae

Back 1

Action:(Unilaterally) Laterally flex vertebral column to the same side (Bilaterally) Extend the vertebral colum
Origin:Common tendon (thoracolumbar aponeurosis) that attatches to the posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of the lumbar and last two thoracic verterbrae
Insertion:Various attatchments at the posterior ribs, spinous and transverse processes of thracic and cervical vertebrae and mastoid process of temporal bone

Front 2

Spinalis

Back 2

Origin:Spinous processes of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae (thoracis) Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C-7 (cervicis)
Insertion:Spinous processes of the upper thoracic (thoracis) Spinous processes of cervials, except C-1 (cervicis)

Front 3

Longissimus

Back 3

Origin:Common tendon (thoracis) Transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae (cervicis and capitis)
Insertion:Lower nine ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae (thoracis) Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (cervicis) Mastoid process of temporal bone (capitis)

Front 4

Iliocostalis

Back 4

Origin:Common tendon (lumborum) Posterior surface of ribs 1-12 (thoracis and cervicis)
Insertion:Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-3 and posterior surface of ribs 6-12 (lumborum) Posterior surface of ribs 1-6 (thoracis) Transverse processes of lower cervicals

Front 5

Multifidi

Back 5

Action:Rotate the verterbral column to the opposite side
Origin:Sacrum and transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
Insertion:Spinous processes of lumbar verterbrae through second cervical verterbra (Multifidi span two to four verterbrae)

Front 6

Rotatores

Back 6

Action:Rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side
Origin:Transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
Insertion:Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae through second cervical vertebrae (Rotatores span to two vertebrae)

Front 7

Semispinalis Capitis

Back 7

Action:Extend the vertebral column and head
Origin:Transverse processes of C-4 to T-5
Insertion:Between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occiput

Front 8

Splenius Capitis

Back 8

Action:Rotate the head and neck to the same side
Origin:Inferior one-half of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C-7 and T-4
Insertion:Mastiod process and lateral portion of superior nuchal line

Front 9

Splenius Cervicis

Back 9

Action:Rotate the head and neck to the same side. Laterally flex the head and neck.
Origin:Spinous process of T-3 to T-6
Insertion:Transverse processes of C-1 to C-3

Front 10

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major

Back 10

Origin:Spinous process of the axis (C-2)
Insertion:Inferior nuchal line of the occiput

Front 11

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor

Back 11

Origin:Tubercle of the posterior arch of the atlas (C-1)
Insertion:Inferior nuchal line of the occiput

Front 12

Oblique Capitis Superior

Back 12

Origin:Transverse process of the atlas (C-1)
Insertion: Between the nuchal line of the occiput

Front 13

Oblique Capitis Inferior

Back 13

Origin:Spinous process of the axis (C-2)
Insertion:Transverse process of the atlas (C-1)

Front 14

Quadratus Lumborum

Back 14

Action:Laterally tilt (elevate) the pelvis. Laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side
Origin:Posterior iliac crest
Insertion:Last rib and transverse processes of first through fourth lumbar verterbrae

Front 15

Rectus Abdominis

Back 15

Action:Flex the verterbral column
Origin:Pubic crest, pubic symphysis
Insertion:Cartilage of fifth, sixth and seventh ribs and xiphoid process

Front 16

External Oblique

Back 16

Action:Laterally flex vertebral column to the same side
Origin:External surfaces of fifth to twelfth ribs
Insertion:Anterior part of the iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Front 17

Interal Oblique

Back 17

Action:Laterally flex vertebral column to the same side
Origin:Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion:Internal surface of lower three ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Front 18

Transverse Abdominis

Back 18

Action:Compress abdominal contents
Origin:Lateral inginal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and internal surface of lower six ribs
Insertion:Abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Front 19

Diaphragm

Back 19

Action:Draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm. Increase the volumn of the thoracic cavity during inhalation
Origin:(Costal attachment) Inner surface of lower six ribs (Lumbar attachment) Upper two or three lumbar vertebrae (Sternal attachment) Inner part of xiphoid process
Insertion:Central tendon

Front 20

Intercostals

Back 20

Action:Draw the ribs superiorly (increasing the space of the thoracic cavity) to assist with inhalation
Origin:Inferior border of the rib above
Insertion:Superior border of the rib below

Front 21

Serratus Posterior Superior

Back 21

Action:Elevate the ribs during inhalation
Origin:Spinous processes of C-7 to T-3
Insertion:Posterior surface of second through fifth ribs

Front 22

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Back 22

Action:Depress the ribs during exhalation
Origin:Spinous processes of T-12 to L-3
Insertion:Posterior surface on ninth through twelfth ribs

Front 23

Interansversarri

Back 23

Action:Laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side. Extend the vertebral column
Origin/Insertion(Cervical) Spanning the tranverse processes of vertebrae C-2 to C-7 (Lumbar) Spanning the transverse processes of vertebrae L-1 to L-5

Front 24

Interspinalis

Back 24

Action:Extend the vertebral column
Origin/Insertion:(Cervical) Spanning the spinous processes of C-2 to T-3 (Lumbar) Spanning the spinous processes to T-12 to L-5

Front 25

Anterior Scalene

Back 25

Action:Rotate head and neck to the opposite side
Origin:Transverse processes of third through sixth cervical vertebrae
Insertion:First rib

Front 26

Middle Scalene

Back 26

Action:Rotate head and neck to the opposite side
Origin:Transverse processes of second through seventh cervical vertebrae
Insertion:First rib

Front 27

Posterior Scalene

Back 27

Action:Rotate head and neck to the opposite side
Origin:Transverse process of sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae
Insertion:second rib

Front 28

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 28

Action:Laterally flex the head and neck to the same side. Rotate the head and neck to the opposite side.
Origin:(Sternal head) Top of manubrium (Clavicular head) Medial one-third of the clacvicle
Insertion:Mastoid process of temporal bone and the lateral portion of superior nuchal line of occiput

Front 29

Masseter

Back 29

Action:Elevate the mandible (temporomanibular joint) May assist to protract the mandible (TM joint)
Origin:Zygomatic arch
Insertion:Angle and ramus of mandible

Front 30

Temporalis

Back 30

Action:Elevate the mandible, retract the mandible
Origin:Temporal fossa and fascia
Insertion:Coronoid process anterior edge of ramus of the mandible

Front 31

Suprahyoids

Back 31

Action:Elevate hyoid and tongue, depress mandible
Origin:(Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid) Underside of mandible (Stulohyoid) Styloid process
Insertion:Hyoid bone

Front 32

Digastric

Back 32

Action:With hyoid bone fixed, depress the mandible, retract the mandible
Origin:Mastoid process (deep to sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis)
Insertion:Inferior border of the mandible

Front 33

Infrahyoids

Back 33

Action:Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
Origin:(Sternohyoid and Sternothyroid) Top of manubrium
Insertion:Hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage

Front 34

Platysma

Back 34

Action:Assist to depress the mandible, tighten the fascia of the neck, draw down corner of the mouth
Origin:Fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major
Insertion:Base of mandible, skin of lower part of face

Front 35

Occipitofrontalis (Frontalis)

Back 35

Action: Raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead
Origin:Galea aponeurotica
Insertion:Skin superior to eyebrows

Front 36

Occipitofrontalis (Occipitalis)

Back 36

Action:Anchor and retract the galea posteriorly
Origin:Galea aponeurotica
Insertion:Superior nuchal line of the occiput

Front 37

Medial Pterygoid

Back 37

Action:Laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side
Origin:Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone and tuberosity of maxilla
Insertion:Medial surface of ramus of the mandible

Front 38

Lateral Pterygoid

Back 38

Action:Protract the mandible
Origin:(Superior head) Infratemporal surface and crest of greater wind of sphenoid bone (Inferior head) Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Insertion: Articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint, neck of mandible

Front 39

Longus Capitis

Back 39

Action: Rotate the head and neck to the same side
Origin:Transverse processes of C-3 through C-6
Insertion:Inferior surface of occiput

Front 40

Longus Colli

Back 40

Action:Rotate the head and neck to the same side
Origin:Bodies of C-5 through T-3, transverse processes of C-3 through C-5
Insertion:Tubercle on anterior arch of the atlas; bodies of the axis, C-3 and C-4; transverse processes of C-5 and C-6