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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of milk
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The lacteal secretion, practically free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, which contains not less then 3.25% of milkfat and not less than 8.25% milk-solids-not-fat.
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What is the average composition of milk?
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87.3% Water
4.9% Lactose 3.7% Fat 3.4% Protein 0.7% Ash |
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What do the components of milk dissolve/suspend in?
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Water
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What is Lactose?
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A disaccharide - glucose and galactose
With only traces of other carbohydrates and is the least variable component in healthy animals. |
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Milkfat is the most ____ component.
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Variable
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How much triglycerides are contained in milk fat?
What else is included in milk fat? |
98-99% triglycerides
1-2% mixture of mono- and diglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, carotenids and vitamins. |
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Milk fat has a ____ flavor when fresh.
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Bland
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What makes up 80% of milk protein in milk?
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Casein with an isoelectric point of 4.6.
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What are whey proteins?
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Makes up ~20% of milk protein.
β-lactoglobin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, and immunoglobulins. |
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What is the last component of milk protein?
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Enzymes
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What is ash in milk?
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Non-combustible matter: not equal to salts.
Changes indicate abnormal conditions in animal. |
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What is the acidity of milk?
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pH of 6.5 to 7.
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What causes the apparent acidity of milk?
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CO_2, phosphates, citrates and casein.
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Which breeds of dairy cattle have the greatest and least amount of milk fat?
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Holstein - 3.54%
Jersey - 5.13% |
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What are the top 5 milk producing states?
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California - 44,203 (million lbs)
Wisconsin - 24,472 (million lbs) New York - 12,432 (million lbs) Idaho - 12,315 (million lbs) Pennsylvania - 10,575 (million lbs) |
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Which states have the most average milk per cow in lbs?
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Idaho - 22,432 lbs
California - 22,344 lbs New York - 19,859 lbs Wisconsin - 19, 546 lbs Pennsylvania - 19,262 lbs |
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What is cheese?
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Milk coagulated using acid and enzyme (rennet or chymosin) and the formation of curds and whey.
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How many lbs of milk are required to make 1 lb of cheese?
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10 lbs of milk per 1 lb of cheese.
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What is the most popular type of cheese?
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Mozzarella makes up 32.3% of all of the cheese produced in the U.S.
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What are the purposes of pasteurization?
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Destroy pathogens (PRIMARY PURPOSE)
Destroy spoilage organisms Destroy endogenous enzymes |
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What are some equivalent heat treatments?
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145 F - 30 min - Vat Pasteurization
161 F - 15 sec - HTST 191 F - 1 sec - HHST (higher heat) 212 F - .01 sec - HHST |
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Heat treatments must kill what?
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Coxiella burnetti--the most heat resistant pathogen in milk.
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What is the Ultra Pasteurization for a shelf-stable product?
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280 F for 2.0 sec
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How many globules are in raw milk?
Homogenized milk? |
Raw: 3-20 μm globules
Homo: <2 μm globules |
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What must homogenization be combined with?
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Heat treatment
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What happens when homogenization and pasteurization is combined?
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Destruction of Ig-M (prevents clumping)
Destruction of native lipase |
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Define meat
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those animal tissues suitable for use as food
-includes organ meats, blood, feet, etc. -Often equated to "skeletal muscles" foods in U.S. |
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What is skeletal muscle?
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35-65% of the carcass weight of meat animals
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What is the composition of skeletal meat?
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75% water
18.5% protein 3% lipid 1% carbohydrates |
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What is inspection?
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Inspection:
-mandatory -ante- and postmortem and product inspection performed by a USDA inspector -ensures animals are humanely slaughtered and products are safe |
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What is grading?
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Grading:
-voluntary -grading of carcasses performed by a meat grader -estimates yield or quality of product from carcasses |
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What does HACCP stand for?
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Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
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What is the HACCP?
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Preventive system for assuring safe production of foods
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What is the purpose of HACCP?
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To prevent, reduce or minimize biological, physical and chemical hazards associated with foods. Required of all red meat and poultry companies.
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What does the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act of 1978 propose?
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Humane methods shall be used for handling and slaughtering livestock.
Requires that animals must be rendered insensible to pain before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast or cut. |
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What does the Code of Federal Regulations say about handling livestock?
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Animals must have:
-Access to water at all times -Sufficient room to lie down if held overnight -Access to feed if held longer than 24 hours |
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What is the FSIS action for noncompliance?
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-notify establishment's management
-issuance of noncompliance record (NR) -rejection of equipment, etc. with FSIS tag -suspension of inspection -refusal to provide inspection |
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What are ways to "immobilize" an animal before it is stunned and killed?
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V-Belt and Center Track Conveyor
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What are examples of stunning methods?
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-Electric
-Captive bolt -Carbon Dioxide |
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What does exsanguination mean?
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Bleeding; to be cut
(Death results from blood loss) |
