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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 5 parts of an airplane? |
Fuselage, Wings, Empennage, Propulsion System, Undercarriage |
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What are the two types of fuselages? |
Truss (Warren Truss, N-Girder), and Monocoque |
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What are the main members to a Truss fuselage? |
Longerons |
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What are the main members to a Monocoque type fuselage? |
Bulkheads. |
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What take the load in a Semi-Monocoque fuselage? |
Stiffeners. |
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What inner part of the wing is cambered? |
The Ribs. |
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What is the purpose of an Engine Mount? |
To absorb the vibrations from the Engine.
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What type of wheel system does a Cessna 172 have? |
A Single Spring Leaf Cantilever Gear System. |
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What are 3 advantages for tricycle type Aircraft? |
Better Visibility, Ground Looping Tendencies Reduced, Greater Control in Crosswind. |
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What are the four methods for shock absorption? |
Low Pressure Tires, Oleo (Aerol and Pneumatic), Rubber, Spring Steel. |
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What are all of the stresses? |
Compression, Tension, Torsion, Shearing, Bending. (Flutter) |
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What is Wing Loading, What is Span Loading, What is Power Loading? |
1. Wing Loading = Gross Weight / Area of Lifting Surfaces
2. Span Loading = Gross Weight / Wingspan 3. Power Loading = Gross Weight / Horsepower of Engine |
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What are the 6 categories of Airplanes? |
Normal, Utility, Aerobatic, Commuter, Transport, Additional. |
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As Angle of Attack increases, what happens to the Center of Pressure and the Transition Point? |
They both move forward until point of stall, afterwards they move back. |
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Which way does Lift act in accord to the Wing? |
Lift acts 90° perpendicular from the RELATIVE AIRFLOW. Resultant acts 90° from the CHORD. Drag acts parallel to RELATIVE AIRFLOW. |
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What are the two main types of drag? |
Induced Drag and Parasite Drag |
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Explain the difference between Frise and Differential Ailerons. |
First "juts" out into the airflow, by having it hinged in a different location. Differential ailerons move through a different angle. |
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What is the boundary layer? |
A thin layer of air on the surface of the wing. |
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What is a way of delaying the transition point? |
Suction Method, Laminar Flow Airfoil, or Vortex Generators. |
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What is a couple? |
It is when two forces are equal, but opposite and parallel. |
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What is the Angle of Incidence? |
It is the angle that the wings make with the longitudinal axis of the Aircraft. |
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What do Wing Fences help with? |
The improve slow speed handling performance and improve stall characteristics. |
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What do slats and slots help with? |
Lateral control. |
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What do Speed Breaks help with? |
They offer an optimum decent rate without decreasing the Engine to cool it down. |
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What type of flaps does the Cessna 172 have? |
Fowler Flaps.
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What happens to the Center of Pressure when the Flaps are lowered? |
It moves rearward, causing the nose to move down. |
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What is Dynamic Balance? |
It are things like a horn. |
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What is Mass Balance? |
Having the control surface fitted with a mass in front of the hinge to prevent flutter. |
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What is Static Balance? |
The Aircraft's balance without any airflow. |
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What is Static Stability? |
It is the initial tenancy for a Plane to return back to its original flight path. |
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What is Dynamic Stability? |
It is the overall tenancy for an Plane to return back to its original flight path. |
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Name all 4 Flight Performance Factors.
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Torque, Asymmetric Thrust, Precession, Slipstream. |
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What is Torque? |
It is caused by Newton's Third Law. The propeller spins clockwise, making the nose of the Plane go counter-clockwise. Causes a left yawing tenancy. |
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What is Asymmetric Thrust? |
Also called P-Factor. ONLY AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK AND HIGH POWER SETTINGS. The descending blade meets the air at a higher Angle of Attack than the ascending blade, making the Plane yaw left. |
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What is Precession? |
It is caused by Rigidity in Space. A sudden decrease in pitch will cause the Plane to yaw sharply left. |
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What is Slipstream? |
It is when the corkscrew type airflow causes the Horizontal Stabilizer to create unequal lift, causing the Plane to yaw left. |
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What happens if you increase the Angle of Bank in a constant speed turn? |
1. Higher rate of turn
2. Lower radius of turn 3. Higher stall speed 4. Higher loading |
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What happens if you increase the airspeed in a steady bank angle turn? |
1. Lower rate of turn 2. Larger radius of turn |
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Give 3 factors that can affect the stalling speed. |
1. Weight 2. Turbulence 3. Sudden Gusts |
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Give the 3 factors that can affect the Critical Angle of Attack. |
Nothing can affect the Critical Angle of Attack. It is already been pre-set by the manufacturer. |
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What will a partially blocked pitot source do to the cockpit instruments? |
Make the ASI read 0. |
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What will a completely blocked pitot source do to the the cockpit instruments? |
Make the ASI read as an Altimeter. |
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What will a partially blocked static source do to the cockpit instruments? |
Altimeter, ASI and VSI will under-read in a climb. ASI, and Altimeter will over-read, VSI will show a less than true rate when in a decent. |
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Name the errors associated with the Altimeter. |
1. Pressure Error
2. Temperature Error 3. Mountain Effect Error |
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Name all of the Altitude definitions. |
1. Indicated Altitude : The altitude that is indicated.
2. Pressure Altitude : The altitude on your altimeter at 29.92"Hg. 3. Density Altitude : The pressure altitude corrected for temperature. 4. True Altitude : Altitude ASL. 5. Absolute Altitude : Exact height AGL. |
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Name the errors associated with the Airspeed Indicator. |
1. Density error : When the density of the air is different from the one the instrument has been calibrated to. 2. Position error : When eddies form over the wings and disrupt pitot pressure sources. 3. Lag error : When the instrument lags. 4. Icing error : When ice obstructs the pitot port. |
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Name all of the Airspeed definitions. |
1. Indiacted Airspeed : The airspeed that is shown on the instrument. 2. Calibrated Airspeed : The indicated airspeed corrected for installation error 3. Equivalent Airspeed : The calibrated airspeed corrected for comprehensibility factor. 4. True Airspeed : The equivalent airspeed corrected for density and temperature. |
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Name an error associated with the Vertical Speed Indicator. |
Lag error. |
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Name the Gyroscopic Insruments on a Cessna 172. |
1. Heading Indicator
2. Turn Coordinator 3. Attitude Indicator |
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What two principles do gyroscopic instruments work upon? |
1. Gyroscopic Inertia - When a rotating body will want to stay in its plane of rotation 2. Precession - When a force is applied perpendicular to a rotating body, it will turn 90° from its original plane of rotation, making a new one. |
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What power source does each gyroscopic instrument use? |
HI and AI - Vacuum Powered TaS - Electrically Powered |
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Name the errors associated with a Heading Indicator. |
Precession error - When the earth rotates below the gyroscope |
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Name the errors associated with the Attitude Indicator. |
Precession error - An acceleration will indicate a climb on the AI. |
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What is the difference between a Turn and Slip Indicator and a Turn Co-Ordinator? |
TaS has a needle, where TC has a Plane instead.
TC also reacts to roll AND yaw. |
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What is the brake horsepower? |
It is the horsepower avaliable after accounting for friction and heat being created. |
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Name the 3 types of engines. |
1. Horizontally Opposed 2. Radial 3. In-Line |
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What is the difference between Supercharging and Turbocharging? |
Supercharging compresses only the air, and is powered by the exhaust gas. It is placed before the carburetor. Turbocharging compresses the fuel/air mixtures, and is powered by the engine. It is placed after the carburetor. |
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How fast does the crankshaft move for every four strokes? How fast does the camshaft move for every four strokes? |
The crankshaft moves 2 times per every cycle. The camshaft moves 1 time per every cycle. |
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How is the engine timing set up for the most economy of the fuel? |
The valvues of each piston open early and close late. |
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What happens when the valvue clearance is set too wide? What happens when it is set too close? |
If set too wide - loss of power, vibrations, and wear, If set too close - warped valves and serious damage of the engine |
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What are Fins, Shrouds, Baffles, and Cowl Flaps? |
Fine are extensions of the pistons, they capture the air and cool it. Shrouds direct the airflow into the engine compartment. Baffles keep the air only at the engine compartment. Cowl Flaps control the amount of air that is permitted into the engine to cool. Found on high performance Aircraft. |
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What are the four functions of oil? |
Cooling, Sealing, Flushing, Lubrication |
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What are two ways of lubrication? |
Splash, Force Feed |
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What are the requirements of good oil? |
1. A proper viscosity
2. A high flash point 3. A low carbon content 4. A low pour point |
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What are the additives that can be found in oil? |
1. Detergents - Improve engine cleanliness
2. Oxidation Inhibitors - Improve oil stability 3. Anti-corrosion additives - Deter corrosion 3. Pour point depressants - Lower the pour point |
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What are the two types of fuel systems? |
1. Gravity Fed
2. Fuel Pump |
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What is Octane and Heptane? |
Octane is the substance in fuel that has maximum detonating qualities. Heptane is the substance in fuel that has maximum detonating qualities. |
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What are the four fuel colours? |
1. 80/87 - Red 2. 100LL - Blue 3. 100 - Green 4. Jet Fuel - Clear/Straw |
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What are the three fuel related problems? |
1. Detonation 2. Pre-Ignition 3. Vapour Lock |
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What are the 3 mixture settings? |
1. 1 to 8 - Running Mixture
2. 1 to 14 - Best Power Mixtures 3. 1 to 20 - Leanest Running Mixture |
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When leaning, the first spike in RPM is called _________. Then when continuing to lean, the RPM will reach a maximum called the ______.
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Rich Best Power, Lean Best Power. |
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After what altitude is it permissible to lean the engine as an economy device? |
5000'. |
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What is the temperature range for Carburetor Icing? |
-5°C - 30°C |
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What causes Carburetor Icing? |
Fuel Vaporization, and cooling due to the Venturi |
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What is the minimum RH needed for Carburetor Icing? |
50% RH |
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What is it called when ice forms on the throttle butterfly? |
Throttle Ice. |
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What is it called when ice forms on the air scoop, carb screen and carb metering element? |
Impact Ice. |
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What is the recovery method from Carburetor icing? |
Apply Carb Heat, Apply Full Throttle, Lean Mixture, Fine the Prop, Prime Fuel |
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What is the danger of having fuel injection? |
It may not start on a hot day due to vapour lock. |
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What is the point of an exhaust system? |
To dispose of high temperature, noxious exhaust fumes from the Aircraft. |
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What does a magneto do? |
It converts low tension current into high tension current. Also is an alternating current. |
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What are contact breakers? |
They are points that complete the magneto circuit and deliver the charge to the ground. |
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What are the parts to an electrical system? |
Storage battery, solenoid, master switch |
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What is the difference between a generator and an alternator? |
A generator has trouble generating a current while operating at low engine speeds. An alternator doesn't. Also, an alternator produces AC and a generator produces DC. |
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What is the purpose of an alternator? |
To provide current to the electrical system and recharge the battery. |
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What is a Voltage regulator? |
It prevents the alternator from overloading the system and protects the battery from being overcharged. |
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What is a Bus bar? |
It receives current from the electrical system and spreads them to the various components that need the power. |
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What is a circuit breaker? |
Protects circuits from electrical damage. |
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When is an Ammeter? |
It is an instrument that shows if the battery is being charged or discharged. |
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What are the forces acting upon the propeller? |
Torque and thrust. |
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What does a propeller do? |
It moves large amounts of air at a slow rate. |
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What is pitch? |
It is the distance that a propeller moves in one revolution. |
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When do you use coarse pitch, and when do you use fine pitch? |
You use coarse pitch for cruising, and fine pitch for t/o and landing. |
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Name the 4 types of propellers. |
1. Fixed Pitch
2. Variable Pitch 3. Controllable 4. Constant Speed |
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What should a multi-engine Airplane do if it loses one of it's propellers? |
It should feather the propeller, changing it to full course. |
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What oil pressure will a cold engine read? |
It will read at a higher pressure. |
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What should a pilot do after starting the engine? |
Check oil pressure. |
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What oil temperature will a cold engine read? |
Cold. |
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Where can a tachometer be found? |
On fixed pitch propellers. |
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Where will you read Power on a controllable pitch propeller, or a constant pitch propeller? |
You will find Power information on the Manifold Pressure Gauge. |
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What should you do when increasing Power on a controllable or constant pitch propeller? |
Increase RPM, then manifold pressure. |
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What should you do when decreasing Power on a controllable or constant pitch propeller? |
Decrease manifold pressure, then RPM. |
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What are the conditions for good Wake Turbulence? |
Slow, Heavy, Clean configuration (flaps up, gear up), High AoA. |
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What is the standard wait time for wake turbulence? |
3 minutes. |
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How low should you cross a larger aircraft's flight path? |
1000'. |
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What is the rule about bringing oxygen on board? |
To be used if flying for more than 30m between 10 000' and 13 000' and indefinitely when flying above 13 000'. |
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What is the frequency for radio nav? For civilian communications? |
108.00 - 117.95 118.00 - 136.00 |
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What principle do VHF radios operate upon? |
Line of sight. |
