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370 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Etiology of Infectious Bursal Disease? |
Birnavirus (RNA) |
|
Signalment of Infectious Bursal Disease? |
chickens; problem in the young |
|
Clinical signs of Infectious bursal disease? |
Swelling and hemorrhage in bursa leads to immunosuppuression: gangrenous dermatitis |
|
Control of Infectious bursal disease? |
prevent exposure; vaccination; |
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Etiology of Hemorrhagic Enteritis? |
Adenovirus (DNA) |
|
Signalment of hemorrhagic enteritis? |
Turkeys 6-8 wks of age most susceptible to intestinal form; Associated with immunosuppression in young turkeys |
|
Necropsy of hemorrhagic enteritis? |
hemorrhage into intestine; swollen spleen; Histo: intranuclear inclusions in cells of spleen |
|
Diagnosis of hemorrhagic enteritis? |
Intranuclear inclusions in spleen; viral particles in intestinal contents and spleens using electron microscopy |
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Prevention of hemorrhagic enteritis? |
prevent exposure as long as possible; vaccination |
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Etiology of Avian Influenza? |
Type A influenza virus, family orthomyxoviridae |
|
T or F: Avian influenza is reportable. |
TRUE! |
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Spp affected by Influenza A? |
birds, swine, horses, and humans |
|
Hemagglutinin importance? |
pathogenicity and vaccination |
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Neuraminidase importance? |
protective effects with respect to vaccination |
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What is MG? |
Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
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Clinical signs of Mycoplasma gallisepticum? |
chronic respiratory disease; airsacculitis |
|
Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum? |
impairs ciliary function in upper respiratory tract --> leads to secondary infections |
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Control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
NPIP accredited source vaccines; Killed or Live (spray or eye-drop); Tylan in feed |
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What is MS? |
Mycoplasma synoviae |
|
Mycoplasma synoviae signalment? |
Meat birds (turkeys or broilers); little effect on layers; may be associated with E. coli peritonitis |
|
Control of Mycoplasma synoviae? |
NPIP accredited sources; Killed vaccine; Tylan in feed |
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Etioligy Colisepticemia and airsacculitis |
E. coli |
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Infection with colibacillosis? (Colisepticemia and airsacculitis) |
usually secondary; enters via respiratory tract |
|
Control of Colisepticemia? |
Prevent primary infections; Bacterins and MLV vax |
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Treatment of Colisepticemia? |
Antibiotics to control outbreaks |
|
Etiology of Fowl cholera? |
Pasteurella multocida |
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Signalment of fowl cholera?
|
Chicken, turkeys, over 10 wk of age |
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How is fowl cholera spread? |
Water by mammals (raccoons, opossums, etc) |
|
Clinical signs of fowl cholera? |
depressed, off feed, Septicemia and/or severe pneumonia, death without gross changes |
|
Prevention of Fowl cholera? |
keep free ranging animals and birds away; water sanitation |
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Control of fowl cholera? |
Vaccination: Bacterin, Live |
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Treatment of fowl cholera? |
antibiotics |
|
Salmonella spread by vertical transmission? |
S. pullorum, S. gallinarum, and S enteritidis (group D); S. typhimurium |
|
Salmonella spread by horizontal transmission? |
paratyphoids; |
|
Clinical signs of salmonellosis |
depression and high mortality most commonly in young (under 2 weeks old); omphalitis and peritonitis |
|
Gross Path signs of salmonellosis? |
Omphalitis and peritonitis, cecal cores, hepatitis, myocarditis |
|
Signalment of Paratyphoid in older birds? |
laying chickens (uncommon) |
|
Gross pathology signs of Paratyphoid in older birds? |
hepatomegaly, perihepatitis, airsacculitis |
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Diagnosis of paratyphoid? |
bacterial culture |
|
Prevention of paratyphoid? |
NPIP source chicks for group D Salmonella spp; appropriate sanitation; rodent control |
|
Crop Mycosis etiology? |
Candida albicans |
|
Spp affected by crop mycosis? |
any spp of bird |
|
Susceptibility to crop mycosis? |
secondary to immunosuppression, debilitation, moldy feed, prolonged antibiotic use |
|
Gross pathologic signs of Crop mycosis? |
thickened crop wall; mucosal surface covered by tenacious tan-white friable material |
|
Control of crop mycosis? |
cease antibiotics, remove moldy feed/litter; acidify crop contents by adding vinegar to drinking water; copper sulfate added to feed |
|
Etiology of Erysipelas? |
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (gram +) |
|
Spp affected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
birds and pigs (turkeys most commonly) |
|
Signalment of Erysipelas? |
turkeys over 10wks of age |
|
T or F: Erysipelas is water-borne. |
FALSE: Soil-borne |
|
Gross path signs of Erysipelas? |
swollen dark red spleen and pale liver; |
|
Treatment and control of Erysipelas? |
penicillin, sanitation |
|
Etiology of Infectious bronchitis (IBV) |
coronavirus (RNA) |
|
Clinical signs of IBV? |
respiratory signs mild in adults, severe in chicks; Sneezing, gasping, coughing, nasal d/c, sinusitis; poor shell and interior egg quality |
|
High mortality IBV strains d/t? |
nephrotropic strains |
|
Control of IBV? |
Vaccination, biosecurity, treat secondary infections |
|
Etiology of Marek's disease? |
Herpesvirus (DNA) |
|
Etiology of lymphoid leukosis |
retrovirus (RNA |
|
How is Marek's disease shed in chickens? |
feather follicles in dander |
|
Age affected by Marek's disease? |
all ages |
|
Organ system affected by Marek's disease? |
peripheral nn and CNS |
|
Lymphoid leukosis age? |
sexually mature birds |
|
How is lymphoid leukosis transmitted? |
egg transmitted |
|
Lymphoid leukosis clinical signs? |
tumors in bursa |
|
Control of lymphoid leukosis |
Cleaning and disinfection of brooder house, single age brooding; testing and elimination of infected breeders |
|
Ddx for lymphoid leukosis? |
MD and LL |
|
Etiology of Aspergillosis |
Aspergillus fumigatus or A. flavus (fungus) |
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Gross path of Aspergillosis? |
formation of caseous plugs in bronchi and plaques in air sacs which may have greenish areas
|
|
Diagnosis of Aspergillosis? |
ID typical fruiting bodies microscopically in crush or smear preparations or by culture |
|
Control of Aspergillosis |
reduce exposure to spores: control dust; avoid use of moldy material and feed; |
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Treatment of Aspergillosis |
no treatment |
|
Location of biting lice eggs? |
vent area and underside of wings |
|
Clinical signs of biting lice in young birds? |
unthriftiness and mortality |
|
|
Lice |
|
Northern Fowl Mite characteristics (3) |
Bloodsucking, on host all of lifecycle, may harbor other disease agents; NOT HOST SPECIFIC |
|
Control of NFM and Lice? |
prevent contact with wild birds; ID species of lice (for tx and source); Spray with insecticides at 5-7 day intervals; keep house empty and above freezing for 10 days |
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Chicken mite spp |
Dermanyssus gallinae |
|
Chicken mite characteristics (5) |
Bloodsucker; Uncommon; Live in cracks and crevices; Feed at night; Survives up to 34 weeks |
|
|
Chicken Mite |
|
Chicken Mite clinical signs |
Causes anemia; can kill young birds; not usually on host during day |
|
|
Northern Fowl Mite |
|
Control of Chicken Mite? |
(Survives several months off host) Clean buildings and apply approved insecticide (Tempo by Bayer, malathion); Roost paint |
|
Scaly Leg Mite spp |
Knemidocoptes |
|
Scaley Leg Mite characteristics (4) |
Life cycle on host; direct transmission; unfeathered portions of body; burrow in skin |
|
Clinical signs of scaly leg mite |
raises scale on legs and causes rough appearance of leg; occasionally on bare skin of head |
|
|
Scaly leg mite |
|
Tx of Scaly Leg Mite |
Dip legs in mineral oil or approved insecticide; administer Ivermectin at 200ug/kg (not approved); Cull old birds |
|
|
Roundworms |
|
Roundworms spp |
Ascaridia |
|
|
Tapeworms |
|
Intermediate host of tapeworms? |
flies and darkling beetles |
|
Cecal worm spp |
Heterakis gallinae |
|
How is cecal worm spread? |
earthworms |
|
What does the cecal worm carry? |
Histomonas meleagridis |
|
Gapeworms spp |
Syngamus trachea |
|
Three parasites most commonly carried by earthworms? |
Cecal worms; Gapeworms; threadworms |
|
How are gapeworms spread? |
earthworms |
|
Threadworm spp |
Capillaria |
|
Location in the GI of threadworms |
upper digestive tract and intestine |
|
Dx of threadworms? |
scrapings, fecal smears, histopath |
|
Necropsy signs of threadworms? |
unthriftiness; thickening of the crop; tan/white exudate in crop |
|
Treatment for roundworms? |
Piperazine |
|
Piperazine? |
roundworms |
|
Levasole |
in water; broad spectrum but not licensed for use in poultry |
|
Fenbendazole |
in feed; broad spectrum; licensed for turkeys |
|
Hygromycin B |
in feed; preventative only; hen laying eggs |
|
Which antihelmintic is ok for egg-laying chickens? |
Hygromycin B in feed |
|
Tx for tapeworms? |
No approved treatment (Praziquantel) |
|
Blackhead cause? |
Protozoan: Histomonas meleagridis |
|
Necropsy signs of Blackhead?
|
Typhlitis and hepatitis -- causeous cecal cores and round pale spots on liver |
|
Which parasite spreads Blackhead |
cecal worm |
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Tx of Histomoniasis |
Metronidazole under veterinary supervision for "pets" not food animals
|
|
Prevention of Histomoniasis |
Turkey/chicken feed with Nitarsone at 0.01875% and treat flock for cecal worms |
|
Ulcerative/Necrotic enteritis causative agent? |
Clostridial infection in GI |
|
Common cause of ulcerative/necrotic enteritis in quail? |
Clostridium colinum |
|
Clinical signs of Ulcerative/necrotic enteritis |
birds become emaciated, weak, and die |
|
Necropsy signs of ulcerative/necrotic enteritis |
multiple areas of necrosis and ulcercation in the intestines; ulcers may perforate and cause peritonitis |
|
Treatment of ulcerative/necrotic enteritis |
treat coccidiosis; antibiotics in water; raise on wire floors; monensin in feed |
|
Avian tuberculosis spp affected? |
any spp |
|
Signalment of avian TB? |
any spp; older birds |
|
clinical signs of avian tuberculosis? |
emaciation and death |
|
Necropsy signs of avian Tuberculosis |
granulomatous infection; usually in GI |
|
How is avian tuberculosis spread? |
soil-borne |
|
Causative agent of avian tuberculosis? |
Mycobacterium avium (wide host spectrum); M. genavense, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis (pisttacines) |
|
|
Avian tuberculosis |
|
Tx of avian TB? |
no practical treatment; remove infefected fowl |
|
Broiler ascites syndrome major sign? |
right ventricular heart failure |
|
Signalment of Broiler ascites syndrome? |
broilers 2-5wks old; can be seen in turkeys |
|
Clinical signs of Broiler ascites syndrome |
may have dyspnea, weakness, or are found dead |
|
Necropsy signs of Broiler ascites Syndrome? |
enlarged cardiac silhouette; right ventricular dilation and hypertrophy, and ascites |
|
|
Broiler ascites syndrome |
|
|
Right sided heart failure |
|
Causes of Broiler Ascites Syndrome |
High altitude; chilling in brooding; excessive salt in ration |
|
Mycotic encephalitis etiologic agents |
Aspergillus sp; Dactylaria sp.
|
|
Necropsy findings of Mycotic Encephalitis |
areas of malacia and hemorrhage in brain; fungal hyphae seen microscopically |
|
|
Malacia; hemorrhage; Mycotic encephalitis |
|
Primary Bacterial meningitis causative agent? |
E. coli |
|
Primary Bacterial meningitis causative agent in ducks and turkeys |
Riemerella anatipestifer |
|
Bacterial meningitis may be secondary to? |
airsacculitis |
|
Necropsy of Vitamin E deficiency |
Encephalomalacia in cerebellum; swelling and hemorrhage in cerebellum |
|
Cause of vitamin E deficiency? |
induced by actual deficiency or by feeding stale or rancid feed |
|
|
Vit E deficiency: Encephalomalacia; hemorrhage in the cerebellum |
|
Causes of Pectoral muscle atrophy? |
Neurogenic - trauma; Catabolic - inappetance, malabsorption, enteritis, interstinal parasitism |
|
Rickets |
ca |
|
First step in necropsy of pet birds? |
Disinfect and wet down specimen, pharyngeal swab for PCR |
|
Scaly Face mite? |
Knemidokoptes pilae |
|
Hyperkeratotic lesions on beaks of psittacines? |
Knemidokoptes (Scaly face mite) |
|
Hyperkeratotic lesions on feet of passerines |
Knemidokoptes pilae (scaly face mite) |
|
Tx of scaly face mite? |
topical ivermectin |
|
|
Scaly Face Mite |
|
Etiology of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease |
Circovirus (DNA) |
|
Signalment of Psittacine Beak and Feather disease |
young, feather loss, abnormal feathers, immunosuppression |
|
Dx of Psittacine Beak and Feather disease |
PCR, feather biopsies to look for intracytoplasmic inclusions |
|
|
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease |
|
Avian pox infection spread by? |
Need abrasions for viral entry; Carried by mosquitos and biting flies |
|
|
Avian Pox |
|
Control of Avian Pox? |
dry form: not a high death loss; Immune after surviving infection; Vaccination (Canary pox); control biting insects |
|
Etiology of Dermatophytosis? |
Microsporum gallinae (ZOONOTIC) |
|
Dx of Dermatophytosis? |
culture, skin scrape, histopath |
|
Tx of Dermatophytosis? |
topical antifungals |
|
4 causes of Feather picking? |
from flock-mates, nutritional deficiency, external parasites, behavioral |
|
|
Feather picking Self mutilation |
|
|
Xanthoma/Xanthomatosis |
|
What is a xanthoma? |
Accumulationof lipid-laden macrophages, giant cells, free cholesterol, and fibrosis, YELLOW MASS(es); Gallinaceous and psittacine |
|
causes of Feather cysts |
trauma, malnutrition, or infections; MORE COMMON IN CANARIES WITH EXTRA DOWNY TYPE of feather |
|
Tx of feather cysts? |
surgical manipulation |
|
|
Feather cysts |
|
"Canker" in pigeons; "Founce" in raptors |
Trichomoniasis |
|
Who is susceptible to Trichomoniasis |
caged birds |
|
Trichomoniasis is found where? what are symptoms? |
upper digestive tract -- crop stasis, vomiting, dyspnea, foul breath odor, weight loss, inappetance |
|
Dx of Trichomoniasis |
wet mount scraping, histopath |
|
|
Trichomoniasis |
|
Tx of trichomoniasis? |
Metronidazole, Carnidazole |
|
etiology of Proventricular Dilation Disease |
Bornavirus |
|
Who gets proventricular dilation disease? |
psittacines and parrot-type |
|
Signs of Proventricular dilation disease? |
depression, weight loss, vomiting, passing of undigested food in feces, emaciation, distended impacted proventriculus, gizzard, or crop; Inflammation of myenteric plexuses and ganglia |
|
|
Proventricular Dilation disease |
|
Etiology of Pacheco's disease |
Herpesvirus |
|
Who gets Pacheco's disease? |
parrots and psittacines |
|
Dx of Pacheco's disease? |
histopath, multifocal hepatic necrosis with intranuclear inclusions; PCR assay |
|
Herpesvirus in parrots and psittacines with HIGH MORTALITY IN NAIVE BIRDS, SURVIVORS CAN BE CARRIERS |
Pacheco's disease |
|
|
Pacheco's disease |
|
Etiology of Psittacosis |
Chlamydophila psittaci |
|
Chlamydophila psittaci infection in pet birds? in poultry? |
Pet birds = Psittacosis; Poultry = Ornithosis |
|
|
Hepatomegaly associated with psittacosis |
|
|
Airsacculitis associated with Psittacosis |
|
|
Severe Airsacculitis associated with Psittacosis |
|
Dx of Psittacosis |
choanal cleft swab for PCR |
|
Tx of Psittacosis |
Doxycycline, Chloratetracycline; on susceptible during replicative stage |
|
t or f: Psittacosis is reportable. |
TRUE: TRANSMISSIBLE TO HUMANS |
|
etiology of Budgerigar fledgling disease |
Polyomavirus, Papovirus |
|
Dx of Polyomavirus |
intranuclear inclusions in liver, PCR of cloacal or choanal swabs |
|
|
Polymovirus |
|
Mites of the respiratory system |
Cytodites nudus |
|
Symptoms of Cytodites nudus infection |
emaciation, dyspnea, pulmonary granulomas |
|
|
Tracheal Mite: Cytodites nudus |
|
Pulmonary Congestion and Edema caused by? |
Propane, PTFE (teflon) overheated |
|
|
Pulmonary edema (caused by nauxious disease, Propane, teflon) |
|
5 Common diseases of female reproductive tract? |
Ovarian adenocarcinoma, Bacterial salpingitis, egg binding, cloacal prolapse, and cloacal papilloma |
|
3 Common disease of the urinary system? |
Chronic renal failure, renal gout, and urinary tract obstruction |
|
|
Cloacal papilloma |
|
|
Egg binding |
|
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Cloacal prolapse |
|
|
Bacterial Salpingitis |
|
|
Hydronephrosis |
|
|
Visceral Gout : CHALKY WHITE PERICARDIUM |
|
Viral encephalitis causes? |
West Nile virus, Avian influenza, Exotic Newcastle disease (PCR) |
|
Nutritional deficiencies of CNS problems? |
Vit A, Vit E, Thiamine |
|
Signs of WNV in birds? |
Recumbency, leg/wing paralysis, incoordination, torticollis, opisthotonus |
|
|
Viral encephalitis - WNV |
|
Dx of WNV? |
History, clinical signs; Microscopic changes in brain, PCR, IHC |
|
RNA Virus closely related to newcastle disease virus? |
Type 1 paramyxovirus - Pigeon paramyxovirus Virus |
|
Pigeon paramyxovirus virus signs? |
neuro, polyvuria |
|
Causes of Pectoral Muscle atrophy? |
Neurogenic (trauma); Catabolic - inappetance, malabsorption, enteritis, intestinal parasitism |
|
|
Pectoral Muscle atrophy |
|
Sarcosystosis facts |
Wild ducks; cooking/subfreezing temps kill; 2-host life cycle |
|
|
Sarcocystosis |
|
Green Muscle disease |
Deep pectoral myopathy |
|
Who gets deep pectoral myopathy |
turkeys and broilers |
|
Pathogenesis of Deep pectoral myopathy |
Exertioncauses physiologic swelling of muscles.Tightfascia surrounding the deep pectoral causes pressure on blood supply (subclavian artery).Resultis ischemic necrosis of the deep pectoral muscle |
|
|
Green Muscle Disease |
|
|
Deep Pectoral Myopathy |
|
Disinfectants Avian influenza? |
Formaldehyde, Gluteraldehyde, Phenolic compounds |
|
LPAI avian flu? |
mild disease |
|
HPAI avian flu |
fowl plague |
|
All HPAI outbreaks of avian flu have been due to which viruses? |
H5 or H7 |
|
Sources of avian flu? |
waterfowl and shorebirds, live bird markets, swine farms |
|
LPAI avian flu clinical signs? |
Depression, off feed, decreased egg production and quality, coughing, sneezing, rales, lacrimation, sinusitis |
|
Spp of bird most vulnerable to LPAI avian flu? |
turkeys |
|
|
Egg shell deformities in LPAI |
|
Summary of lesions of LPAI |
mildto moderate inflammation of the trachea, sinuses, air sacs and conjunctiva. Inlaying birds there often is ovarian atresia and involution of the oviduct |
|
|
LPAI |
|
Lesions oF HPAI |
Cyanosisand edema of the head.Necrosisin the skin, comb, wattles , liver, kidney, spleen, or lungs.Vesiclesand ulceration on the combs.Fibrinousexudate in the trachea, air sacs, oviduct, pericardial sac, or the peritoneum.Edemaof the feet, blotchy red discoloration of the shanks.Petechiae inthe abdominal fat and mucosal and serosal surfaces.Necrosisor hemorrhage in the gizzard and proventriculus. |
|
|
Cyanosis and Edema of the Head |
|
|
Vesicles and ulcerations on the combs |
|
|
Fibrinous exudate in trachea associated with HPAI or Newcastle Disease |
|
|
Fibrinous exudate in the air sacs d/t HPAI |
|
|
Edema of the feet, blotchy red discoloration of the shanks associated with HPAI |
|
|
Necrosis or hemorrhage in the gizzard and proventriculus; HPAI or VVND |
|
Dx of of HPAI |
AGID, ELISA, and HI |
|
Prevention of LPAI? |
prevent exposure to waterfowland shorebirds, live bird markets, and swine farms; vaccines (killed); Prevent contamination and control themovement of people and equipment |
|
Etiology of Newcastle disease? |
Paramyxovirus (RNA) |
|
|
Lentigenic Newcastle disease |
|
Lentogenic ND lesions? |
mild tracheitis |
|
Mesogenic ND lesions? |
fluidin the nasal passages, larynx, and trachea; hemorrhages in proventriculus andsmall intestines |
|
Velogenic ND lesions? |
congestionand hemorrhages in proventriculus,ceca, and intestines; if in lay may have egg yolk in the body cavity |
|
|
Lentigenic Newcastle Disease |
|
|
Egg Yolk Peritnoitis VVND |
|
|
Hemorrhage and Necrosis in GIT in VVND |
|
|
Hemorrhages in GIT in VVND |
|
Dx of Newcastle disease? |
Swabs (trachea, cloaca, and brain); Serology; PCR |
|
T or F: Velogenic Viserotropic ND is reportable. |
TRUE |
|
Control of NCD? |
Biosecurity, Vaccination |
|
Pasting of vents, blood in feces, thickened and hemorrhagic wall of intestine; intestinal cores |
Cocccidiosis |
|
Signs of coccidiosis? |
pasting of vents, blood in feces; thickened and hemorrhagic wall of intestine |
|
The youngest age bird affected by coccidiosis? why |
21 days (takes 3 cycles before signs) |
|
|
Coccidiosis at 20x |
|
Tx of Coccidiosis? ** |
Amprolium, sulfa, ionophores (feed or water) |
|
Prevention of Coccidiosis? |
Vaccination |
|
Etiology of Infectious laryngotracheitis? |
herpesvirus (DNA) |
|
Spp affected by infectious laryngotracheitis |
Chickens, pheasants, peafowl |
|
Signs of Infectious laryngotracheitis |
Gasping chicken; Bloody mucoid to caseous exudate in proximal trachea; Intranuclear inclusions of ciliated epithelium of the trachea |
|
|
Exudate partially occludes larynx: ILT |
|
|
ILT |
|
|
Hemorrhage in tracheas of ILT |
|
IMPORTANT DDX of ILT? |
wet form of Fowl pox |
|
Prevention and control of ILT? |
vaccination and prevent exposure |
|
Fowl pox is carried by? |
Mosquitos; need abrasians for viral entry |
|
|
Fowl Pox - raised scabby areas on bare skin |
|
DNA virus causing raised scabby areas on bare skin |
Dry form of Fowl Pox |
|
|
Fowl Pox |
|
|
Thick caseous plaques of wet fowl pox |
|
Which has higher mortality, dry or wet fowl pox? |
wet fowl pox |
|
Prevention of Fowl pox? |
vaccination, cleaning, control vectors |
|
Gomboro disease aka? |
Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) |
|
Etiology of Infectious Bursal disease? |
birnavirus (RNA) |
|
Swelling and hemorrhage in bursa leading to immunosuppression |
Infectious bursal disease |
|
|
Infectious bursal disease: Hemorrhagic bursa, Bursal cast, Swollen and discolored bursa |
|
|
Infectious bursal disease |
|
Control of IBD? |
vaccination |
|
Etiology of Hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) |
Adenovirus (DNA) |
|
Most susceptible birds to hemorrhagic enteritis? |
Turkeys 6-8 weeks of age most susceptible |
|
|
Hemorrhage into intestine, swollen spleen : Hemorrhagic enteritis |
|
Dx of Hemorrhage enteritis? |
Intranuclear inclusion in spleen, viral particales in intestinal contents and spleens using electron microscopy |
|
Prevention of HE? |
vaccination |
|
Etiology of Blackhead? |
Histomoniasis : Protozoan Histomonas melagridis
|
|
Signs of Blackhead (histomoniasis) |
Typhlitis and hepatitis (caseous cecal cores and round pale spots on liver) |
|
Blackhead is spread by? |
Carriedby cecalworm which is harbored by earthworms |
|
|
Thickened cecal wall with caseous necrotic lining, mucous; White spots on liver --> Histomoniasis (Blackhead) |
|
Tx of Histomoniasis (blackhead) |
Metronidazole under veterinary supervision for "pets" not food animals |
|
Prevention of Histomoniasis |
Turkey/Chickenfeed with Nitarsone at0.01875% and treat flock for cecal worms |
|
Etiology of Ulcerative/Necrotic enteritis? |
Clostridial infection of digestive tract |
|
Signs of ulcerative/necrotic enteritis |
Birdsbecome emaciated and weak and die.Multipleareas of necrosis and ulceration in the intestines—ulcers may perforate andcause peritonitis. |
|
|
Multiple areas of necrosis and ulceration in the intestines—ulcers may perforate and cause peritonitis. -- Ulcerative/Necrotic Enteritis |
|
Tx of ulcerative/necrotic enteritis? |
treat coccidiosis, antibiotics in water, raise on wire floors, monensin in feed |
|
Usuallyassociated with digestive tract.Olderbirds.Morbidityvariable.Emaciationand death.Granulomatousinfection. |
Avian tuberculosis |
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Etiology of Avian tuberculosis? |
Mycobacterium avium (widest host spectrum), M. genavense, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis |
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Avian tuberculosis |
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AVian tuburculosis |
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Avian tuberculosis |
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Treatment of avian tuberculosis? |
no practical tx; remove infected fowl |
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Right ventricular heart failure? |
Broiler ascites syndrome |
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Broiler ascites syndrome is primarily seen in who? |
broilers 2-5 weeks of age |
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Signs of Broiler ascites syndrome? |
Mayhave dyspnea, weakness, or are found dead.Enlargedcardiac silhouette, right ventricular dilation and hypertrophy, and ascites |
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Ascites associated with Broiler ascites syndrome (right ventricular heart failure) |
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Right sided heart failure (associated with Broiler ascites syndrome) |
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Causes of Broiler Ascites Syndrome (3) |
High altitude, Chilling in brooding, excessive salt in ration |
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Etiology of Mycotic Encephalitis |
Aspergillus sp.; Dactylaria sp |
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Areas of malacia and hemorrhage in brain with fungal hyphae microscopically |
Mycotic Encephalitis: Aspergillus sp. Dactylaria sp. |
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Mycotic Encephalitis: Aspergillus; Dactylaria |
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Causes of Bacterial Meningitis? |
E. coli, Riemerella anatipestifer (ducks and turkeys) |
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Bacterial meningitis may be secondary to? |
airsacculitis |
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Bacterial meningitis |
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Signs of Vitamin E deficiency? |
Encephalomalacia in cerebellum, swelling/hemorrhage in cerebellum |
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Causes of Vitamin E deficiency? |
Induced by actual deficiency or by feeding stale/rancid feed |
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Concern with feeding stale/rancid feed to birds? |
vitamin E deficiency |
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Encephalomalcia, swelling, HEMORRHAGE IN CEREBELLUM: Vitamin E Deficiency |
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Causes of rickets? |
Deficiency of Ca, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, or imbalance in Ca/P ratio |
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Signs of rickets? |
enlarged joints, reluctance or inability to stand, soft rubbery bones |
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Sternal scoliosis; Enlarged parathyroid gland: Rickets |
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Prevention of rickets? |
Addwater soluble vitamin D to drinking water.Topdress feed with calcium source.Prevention: Feed balanced ration.Accessto sunlight prevents deficiency of vitamin D |
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Perosis causes? |
deficiency of Manganese, Choline, or other B vitamins |
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Sign of perosis? |
inability to bear weight on affected leg |
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Perosis |
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Perosis |
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Tx of perosis? |
Feedbalanced ration and add water soluble vitamins and minerals in the DW for oneweek to prevent in others in the group9z̟$՞C |
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Signalment of tibiodyschondroplasia? |
meat-type chickens, turkeys, and ducks |
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what is Tibiodyschondroplasia |
Avascular plug of abnormal cartilage in growth plate of long bones |
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Tibiodyschondroplasia (normal on left, affected on right) |
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Bacterial osteomyelitis causes? |
Trueperella pyogenes, E. coli |
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Suppurative osteomyelitis |
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Suppurative Osteomyelitis |
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airsaccultitis? - Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
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airsacculitis? - Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
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Septicemia and airsacculitis -- Colibacillosis |
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Fowl Cholera (Pasteurella multocida) |
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Acute septicemia (bottom) and Pneumonia (top) : Fowl Cholera |
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Omphalitis and peritonitis : Salmonella |
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Cecal cores : Salmonella |
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Hepatitis : Salmonella |
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Myocarditis: Salmonella |
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Hepatomegaly and perihepatitis: PARATYPHOID |
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Crop Mycosis (Candida albicans) |
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Crop wall is thickened and mucosal surface covered by tenacious tan-white friable material. -- Crop Mycosis (candida albicans) |
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Erysipelas |
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Swollen dark red spleen - Pale Liver: ERYSIPELAS |
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Infectious Bronchitis (IBV): tiger-striping of kidneys |
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Visceral gout: Urate Deposition on serousal linings (chalky appearance): occurs with kidney disease : Infectious bronchitis |
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Leukosis Complex: Soft lymphoid tumors growing into myocardium |
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MAREK'S -- Left: Markedly thickened sciatic; Right: Normal |
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Marek's disease |
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Lymphoid Leukosis: tumors in bursa are common |
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Caseous plugs in bronchi: Aspergillus fumigatus or A. flavus |
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Aspergillus |
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Brooder Pneumonia: Aspergillosis in young adult |
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northern fowl mite |
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Cecal worm: Heterakis gallinae (carries Histomonas meleagridis) |
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Heterakis isalonche : severely pathogenic for pheasants |
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Gapeworms: Syngamus trachea |
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unthriftiness, upper gi and intestines; Threadworms! |
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Poultry analogous to beef cattle |
broilers
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poultry analogous to hog production |
turkeys |
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poultry analogous to dairy cattle |
layers |
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Raiseto 6 to 7 weeks of age. 4 to5 lbs. live weight |
Broilers |
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Common disease problems of broilers? |
IBV, NDV, IBD, Coccidiosis |
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Age14-20 weeks.Female: whole bird market.Male: further processing |
Turkeys |
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Common disease problems of turkeys? |
viral, bacterial, and protozoal enteritis |
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Pullet1-18 weeks |
Laying chickens |
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Disease problems of laying chickens? |
viral, bacterial, parasitic |
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Game birds? |
pheasant, quail, chukar partridge |
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Age of game birds? |
12+ weeks |