Autonomic Nervous System Veterinary Pharmacology

Front 1

Parasympathetic Effects
HR:
BP:
GI:
blood volume:

Back 1

Parasympathetic Effects
HR: slow and regular
BP: normal
GI: high motor/secretory, extracting nutrients
blood volume: most in dilated visceral vascular bed

Front 2

Sympathetic effects
HR:
BP:
GI:
blood volume:

Back 2

Sympathetic effects
HR: increased
BP:
GI: decreased digestion, motility, and secretion
blood volume: vascular vasoconstriction

Front 3

Parasympathetic
anatomical

Back 3

craniosacral

Front 4

Sympathetic
anatomical

Back 4

thoracolumbar

Front 5

Parasympathetic
neurotransmitters

Back 5

Ach

Front 6

Sympathetic
neurotransmitters

Back 6

Ach
Norepi

Front 7

Parasympathetic
Preganglionic fiber:
Postganglionic fiber:
Effector organ receptor:

Back 7

Parasympathetic
Preganglionic fiber: cholinergic
Postganglionic fiber: cholinergic
Effector organ receptor: muscarinic

Front 8

Sympathetic
Preganglionic fiber:
Postganglionic fiber:
Effector organ receptor:

Back 8

Sympathetic
Preganglionic fiber: cholinergic
Postganglionic fiber: adrenergic
Effector organ receptor: adrenergic

Front 9

Somatic
neurotransmitter:
effector organ receptor:

Back 9

Somatic
neurotransmitter: Ach
effector organ receptor: nicotinic muscle

Front 10

Noradrenergic junction
synthesis:
blocked by:

Back 10

Noradrenergic junction
synthesis: tyrosine, dopa, dopamine, norepi
blocked by: metyrosine (tyrosine hydrolase inhibitor)

Front 11

Noradrenergic Junction
storage blocked by:

Back 11

Noradrenergic Junction
storage blocked by: reserpine

Front 12

Noradrenergic junction
release blocked by:

Back 12

Noradrenergic junction
release blocked by: guanethidine

Front 13

Noradrenergic junction
outcomes:

Back 13

Noradrenergic junction
outcomes:
bind adrenergic receptor
diffuse to synapse
reuptake/recycle
degraded by monoamine oxidase

Front 14

Cholinergic junction
synthesis:
blocked by:

Back 14

Cholinergic junction
synthesis: choline, AcCoA, Ach
blocked by: hemicholiniums

Front 15

Cholinergic junction
storage blocked by:

Back 15

Cholinergic junction
storage blocked by: vesamicol

Front 16

Cholinergic junction
release:
blocked by:

Back 16

Cholinergic junction
release: voltage-dependent changes
blocked by: botulism toxin

Front 17

Cholinergic junction
outcomes:

Back 17

Cholinergic junction
outcomes:
bind nicotinic or muscarinic receptor
diffuse to synapse
reuptake/recycle
degraded by acetylcholinesterase

Front 18

Increase in arterial BP
effect on baroreceptor:
efferent sympathetic nerve activity:
efferent parasympathetic nerve activity:

Back 18

Increase in arterial BP
effect on baroreceptor: stretches
efferent sympathetic nerve activity: decreases
efferent parasympathetic nerve activity: increases

Front 19

Decrease in arterial BP
effect on baroreceptor:
efferent sympathetic nerve activity:
efferent parasympathetic nerve activity:

Back 19

Decrease in arterial BP
effect on baroreceptor: unloads
efferent sympathetic nerve activity: increases
efferent parasympathetic nerve activity: decreases

Front 20

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
alpha 1 >> alpha 2

Back 20

phenylephrine
methoxamine

Front 21

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
alpha 2 >> alpha 1
(alpha)

Back 21

detomidine
medetomidine
clonidine
xylazine

Front 22

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
alpha 1 = alpha 2
B1 >> B2
(alpha and beta)

Back 22

norepinephrine

Front 23

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
alpha 1 = alpha 2
B1 = B2
(alpha and beta)

Back 23

epinephrine

Front 24

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
B1 > B2 >>>> alpha
(beta)

Back 24

dobutamine

Front 25

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
B1 = B2 >>>> alpha
(beta)

Back 25

isoproterenol

Front 26

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
B2 >> B1 >>>> alpha
(beta)

Back 26

terbutaline
albuterol

Front 27

Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
D1 = D2 >> B >> alpha

Back 27

dopamine

Front 28

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
alpha 1 >>>> alpha 2
(alpha)

Back 28

prazosin

Front 29

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
alpha 1 > alpha 2
(alpha)

Back 29

phenoxybenzamine

Front 30

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
alpha 1 = alpha 2
(alpha)

Back 30

phentolamine

Front 31

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
alpha 2 >> alpha 1
(alpha)

Back 31

yohimbine
tolazoline
atipamezole

Front 32

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
B1 = B2 >_ alpha 1 > alpha 2
(mixed)

Back 32

labetalol
carvedilol

Front 33

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
B1 >> B2
(beta)

Back 33

metoprolol
atenolol

Front 34

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
B1 = B2
(beta)

Back 34

propranolol

Front 35

Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
B2 >>> B1
(beta)

Back 35

butoxamine

Front 36

Cardiovascular responses
mean arterial pressure
NE:
Epi:
Iso:

Back 36

Cardiovascular responses
mean arterial pressure
NE: inc
Epi: inc
Iso: dec

Front 37

Cardiovascular responses
femoral blood flow
NE:
Epi:
Iso:

Back 37

Cardiovascular responses
femoral blood flow
NE: dec
Epi: inc
Iso: inc

Front 38

Cardiovascular responses
renal blood flow
NE:
Epi:
Iso:

Back 38

Cardiovascular responses
renal blood flow
NE: dec
Epi: dec
Iso: inc

Front 39

Cardiovascular responses
peripheral resistance
NE:
Epi:
Iso:

Back 39

Cardiovascular responses
peripheral resistance
NE: inc
Epi: inc
Iso: dec

Front 40

Cardiovascular responses
myocardial contractile force
NE:
Epi:
Iso:

Back 40

Cardiovascular responses
myocardial contractile force
NE: inc
Epi: inc
Iso: inc

Front 41

Cardiovascular responses
heart rate
NE:
Epi:
Iso:

Back 41

Cardiovascular responses
heart rate
NE: dec
Epi: inc
Iso: inc

Front 42

Cardiovascular responses
cardiac output
NE:
Epi:
Iso:

Back 42

Cardiovascular responses
cardiac output
NE: NA (inc)
Epi: inc
Iso: inc

Front 43

receptor
def

Back 43

component of cell that interacts with a drug (neurotransmitter) and initiates a chain of biochemical events (pharm effects)

Front 44

PNS responses are primarily subserved by ________ receptors

Back 44

PNS responses are primarily subserved by MUSCARINIC receptors

Front 45

ganglionic transmission is mediated by _________ receptors

Back 45

ganglionic transmission is mediated by NICOTINIC receptors

Front 46

cholinergic fibers
def.
nervous system location

Back 46

nerve fibers that synthesize and release acetylcholine

parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic
3 types: pregang, postgang, somatic

Front 47

adrenergic fibers
def.
nervous system location

Back 47

nerve fibers that synthesize and release norepinephrine

sympathetic

Front 48

3 endogenous catecholamines

Back 48

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

Front 49

only NANC postganglionic neurotransmitter:

Back 49

nitric oxide NO

Front 50

arterial smooth muscle is generally not innervated by the ___

Back 50

arterial smooth muscle is generally not innervated by the PNS

Front 51

cholinergic receptors in most arterial beds are not associated with ___________ nerves

Back 51

cholinergic receptors in most arterial beds are not associated with PARASYMPATHETIC nerves

Front 52

in skeletal muscle arteries, _____ receptors are more sensitive than _____ receptors

Back 52

in skeletal muscle arteries, BETA receptors are MORE sensitive than ALPHA receptors

Front 53

in visceral blood vessels, ____ receptors are more important than ____ receptors

Back 53

in visceral blood vessels, ALPHA receptors are more important than BETA receptors

Front 54

agonist

Back 54

bind to and activate the receptor

Front 55

antagonist

Back 55

by binding to a receptor, prevent binding by other molecules

Front 56

alpha 1 receptor
agonist

Back 56

Epi = NE >> Iso

Front 57

alpha 1 receptor
antagonist

Back 57

Prazosin

Front 58

alpha 1 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 58

tissue: vascular smooth muscle
liver
genitourinary smooth muscle
response: contract, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Front 59

glycogenolysis

Back 59

breakdown glycogen

Front 60

alpha 1
subtypes

Back 60

1A
1B
1D

Front 61

alpha 2 receptor
agonist

Back 61

Epi = NE >> Iso

Front 62

alpha 2 receptor
antagonist

Back 62

yohimbine

Front 63

alpha 2 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 63

tissue: presynaptic nerve terminals
vascular smooth muscle
pancreatic islets
response: decreased release NE
contract
decreased insulin release

Front 64

alpha 2 receptor
subtypes

Back 64

2A
2B
2C

Front 65

beta 1 receptor
agonist

Back 65

Iso > Epi = NE

Front 66

beta 1 receptor
antagonist

Back 66

metropolol

Front 67

beta 1 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 67

tissue: heart
juxtaglomerular cells
response: increased contractility, HR, conduction velocity
increased renin secretion

Front 68

beta 2 receptor
agonist

Back 68

Iso > Epi >> NE

Front 69

beta 2 receptor
antagonist

Back 69

no specific drug
ICI 118551 in industry

Front 70

beta 2 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 70

tissue: smooth muscle
liver
response: relax/ dilate skeletal arterioles
glycogenolysis

Front 71

beta 1 receptor
antagonist

Back 71

metropolol

Front 72

beta 1 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 72

tissue: heart
juxtaglomerular cells
response: increased contractility, HR, conduction velocity
increased renin secretion

Front 73

beta 2 receptor
agonist

Back 73

Iso > Epi >> NE

Front 74

beta 2 receptor
antagonist

Back 74

no specific drug
ICI 118551 in industry

Front 75

beta 2 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 75

tissue: smooth muscle
liver
response: relax/ dilate skeletal arterioles
glycogenolysis

Front 76

beta 3 receptor
agonist

Back 76

Iso = NE > Epi

Front 77

beta 3 receptor
antagonist

Back 77

ICI 118551

Front 78

beta 3 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 78

tissue: adipose
response: lipolysis

Front 79

cholinergic receptors

Back 79

nicotinic muscle
nicotinic neural
muscarinic

Front 80

nicotinic muscle receptor
agonist

Back 80

Ach

Front 81

beta 3 receptor
agonist

Back 81

Iso = NE > Epi

Front 82

beta 3 receptor
antagonist

Back 82

ICI 118551

Front 83

beta 3 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 83

tissue: adipose
response: lipolysis

Front 84

cholinergic receptors

Back 84

nicotinic muscle
nicotinic neural
muscarinic

Front 85

nicotinic muscle receptor
agonist

Back 85

Ach

Front 86

nicotinic muscle receptor
antagonist

Back 86

tubocurarine

Front 87

nicotinic muscle receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 87

tissue: neuromuscular junction
response: endplate depolarization
skeletal muscle contraction

Front 88

nicotinic neural receptor
agonist

Back 88

Ach

Front 89

nicotinic neural receptor
antagonist

Back 89

trimethaphan

Front 90

nicotinic neural receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 90

tissue: autonomic ganglia
adrenal medulla
CNS
response: depolarization
secretion catecholamines
firing postganglionic neurons

Front 91

muscarinic 1 receptor
agonist

Back 91

Ach

Front 92

muscarinic 1 receptor
antagonist

Back 92

atropine

Front 93

muscarinic 1 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 93

tissue: autonomic ganglia
CNS
response: depolarization
undefined

Front 94

muscarinic 2 receptor
agonist

Back 94

Ach

Front 95

muscarinic 2 receptor
antagonist

Back 95

atropine

Front 96

muscarinic 2 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 96

tissue: heart
myocardium
response: decrease HR (dec contractile force, not as prominent)
hyperpolarization (SA node)

Front 97

M1 primarily __________

Back 97

M1 primarily PARASYMPATHETIC

Front 98

muscarinic 3 receptor
agonist

Back 98

Ach

Front 99

muscarinic 3 receptor
antagonist

Back 99

atropine

Front 100

muscarinic 3 receptor
tissue:
response:

Back 100

tissue: smooth muscle
secretory glands
(vascular endothelium)
response: dilate BV
increased secretion

Front 101

smooth muscle receptors

Back 101

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 2
M3

Front 102

pressure = _____ x _______

Back 102

pressure = cardiac output x resistance

Front 103

cardiac output = ____ x _____

Back 103

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Front 104

cardiac sympathetic-mediated responses are _______

Back 104

cardiac sympathetic-mediated responses are EXCITATORY

increase HR

Front 105

cardiac parasympathetic-mediated responses are ______

Back 105

cardiac parasympathetic-mediated responses are INHIBITORY

decrease HR

Front 106

change in bladder tension
muscarinic agonist

Back 106

contract body

Front 107

change in bladder tension
alpha agonist

Back 107

contract neck and base

Front 108

change in bladder tension
B agonist

Back 108

relax body

Front 109

bladder
B:
alpha:

Back 109

B: dilation
alpha: contraction

Front 110

Bladder Filling
external sphincter ______ by ______ nerves
internal sphincter _______ by _______ nerves, _______ receptors
bladder body ______ by ________ nerves, _____ receptors
________ receptors inhibiting ________
_________ PNS outflow inactive

Back 110

Bladder Filling
external sphincter CONTRACTION by SOMATIC nerves
internal sphincter CONTRACTION by SYMPATHETIC nerves, ALPHA 1 receptors
bladder body RELAXATION by SYMPATHETIC nerves, B2 receptors
ADRENERGIC (ALPHA 2)receptors inhibiting PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA SACRAL PNS outflow inactive

Front 111

Bladder Filling - Adrenergic inhibiting parasympathetic

____ from postganglioc sympathetic activates presynaptic ______

activated ______ inhibits ____ release from preganglionic parasympathetic

_____ muscle contraction

bladder fills

Back 111

NOREPINEPHRINE from postganglioc sympathetic activates presynaptic ALPHA 2 RECEPTORS

activated ALPHA 2 inhibit ACH release from preganglionic parasympathetic

DECREASED muscle contraction

bladder fills

Front 112

Bladder emptying

inhibition of ____ ____ activity and _____ ____ outflow
activation of _____ _____ outflow by ________ receptors
M3 stimulation by ____ leads to _______ contraction
B stimulation by ______ leads to ______ relaxation
M2 stimulation by _______ leads to _______ contraction by inhibiting _________

Back 112

inhibition of EXTERNAL SPHINCTER activity and SYMPATHETIC NERVE outflow
activation of PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE outflow by MUSCARINIC receptors
M3 stimulation by ACH leads to ACTIVE contraction
B stimulation by NOREPI leads to ACTIVE relaxation
M2 stimulation by ACH leads to INDIRECT contraction by inhibiting RELAXATION

Front 113

Bladder Emptying

M3 stimulation causes contraction by _____ _______ and accumulation of _____

Back 113

M3 stimulation causes contraction by PHOSPHOINOSITOL HYDROLYSIS and accumulation of CALCIUM

Front 114

Bladder Emptying

M2 activation indirectly leads to contraction by inhibiting _________ ________ and _____ receptors

Back 114

M2 activation indirectly leads to contraction by inhibiting ADENYLATE CYCLASE and B2 receptors

Front 115

NANC transmitters and Bladder Function

______ is a NANC transmitter

Back 115

ATP

Front 116

NANC transmitters and bladder function

_____ _______ _______ is localized in nerve fibers of trigonal and urethral tissue

Back 116

Nitric Oxide Synthase NOS

Front 117

NO may influence bladder tone by modulation of ____ release

Back 117

ACH

Front 118

Overactive bladder

M3 receptors
stimulation by:
leads to:
receptors also located:

Back 118

M3 receptors
stimulation by: Ach
leads to: smooth muscle contraction, bladder emptying
receptors also located: salivary glands

Front 119

Overactive bladder

Tolterodine
effect:
type of drug:

Back 119

Tolterodine
effect: greater bladder than salivation inhibition, no dry mouth
type of drug: competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, bladder selectivity

Front 120

Overactive bladder

Oxybutynin
effect:
type of drug:

Back 120

Oxybutynin
effect: greater effect on salivation, dry mouth
type of drug: selective muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 121

Overactive bladder

Atropine
effect:

Back 121

Atropine
effect: same effects on bladder and salivation

Front 122

Overactive bladder

selectivity for ___ receptors over other muscarinic subtypes is not necessary for effective inhibition of bladder ______, may result in more pronounced effects on _______

Back 122

selectivity for M3 receptors over other muscarinic subtypes is not necessary for effective inhibition of bladder CONTRACTION, may result in more pronounced effects on SALIVATION

Front 123

Stressed urinary incontinence

Onuf's nucleus
location/pathway

Back 123

Onuf's nucleus in sacral spinal cord
alpha motor neurons/somatic motor neurons out to external urethral sphincter

Front 124

Onuf's nucleus

glutamate

Back 124

excitatory amino acid

power ON button, raises synaptic cleft levels of NE and serotonin

Front 125

Onuf's nucleus

Duloxetine

Back 125

NE and serotonin/5-HT reuptake inhibitor
increases receptor activation

Front 126

Food safety regulatory agencies

pharmaceuticals:
biologics/vaccines:
pesticides:
nutritional supplements:

Back 126

pharmaceuticals: FDA
biologics/vaccines: USDA
pesticides: EPA
nutritional supplements: none

Front 127

Food safety

FARAD

Back 127

Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank

establish appropriate withdrawal times in cases of extralabel drug use

Front 128

Drug residues

Tolerance TOL

Back 128

maximum level of drug residue allowed in edible tissue

Front 129

Drug residues

Withdrawal time WDT

Back 129

length of time from the last treatment for drug residues to deplete to or below TOL
minimum length of time that must be waited prior to slaughtering

Front 130

Drug residues

Extralabel drug use ELDU

Back 130

administering drug in manner different than label directions

Front 131

AMDUCA

Back 131

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

Front 132

ELDU allowed under certain conditions:

Back 132

valid DVM-client-patient relationship
not permitted by lay person
adequate info available to establish WDT
ELDU of feed additives strictly prohibited
ELDU due to cost not allowed

all approved drugs are ineffective
careful diagnosis
"substantially extended" WDT is established
ensure ID of treated animals
assure WDT is followed

Front 133

drugs prohibited from ELDU under AMDUCA

Back 133

diethylstibestrol (DES)
chloramphenicol
nitroimidazoles (metronidazole)
sulfonamides in dairy >- 20mo
clenbuterol
dipyrone
fluoroquinolones
glycopeptides
nitrofurans
phenylbutazone in dairy >- 20mo

Front 134

ELDU
Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance PMO

Back 134

FDA regulatory ordinance
prohibits use of:
dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO
colloidal silver

Front 135

_______ should be contacted for appropriate _____ in cases of ELDU

Back 135

FARAD should be contacted for appropriate WDT in cases of ELDU

Front 136

Thalidomide

prohibited b/c:

Back 136

concern of human exposure and birth defects

Front 137

Causes of illegal residues

Back 137

failure to follow WDT
failure to identify treated animals
failure to follow label directions

Front 138

route of administration effects

Back 138

IM and SC not always identical
poor technique - inject into fascial plane instead of IM, poor vascular supply, delayed/incomplete absorption
improper location - SC in ear b/c discarded at slaughter

Front 139

aminoglycosides
gentamicin
pro:
con:

Back 139

pro: effective against some resistant gram negative bac, inexpensive
con: renal tubular reabsorption means in the kidneys for prolonged time (18mo)

Front 140

Food animal drug approvals require:

Back 140

extensive safety evaluation
residue depletion studies
regulated by FDA

Front 141

Extralabel Drug use

Back 141

allowed under AMDUCA
requires specific conditions
certain drugs prohibited

Front 142

illegal residues

Back 142

from failure to follow directions
occur infrequently

Front 143

Cholinergic receptors
types

Back 143

nicotnic
muscarinic

Front 144

Nicotinic receptors

subtypes

Back 144

Nm
Nn

Front 145

Nicotinic

agonists

Back 145

Ach

nicotine

Front 146

Nicotinic

response

Back 146

NMJ
autonomic ganglia
adrenal medulla

Front 147

Nicotinic

antagonists

Back 147

Tubocurarine
Trimethaphan

Front 148

Muscarinic

subtypes

Back 148

M1
M2
M3

Front 149

Muscarinic

agonists

Back 149

Ach

choline esters

Front 150

Muscarinic

response

Back 150

myenteric plexus
heart
bladder
eye
smooth muscle
urinary bladder
GI sphincters

Front 151

Muscarinic

antagonists

Back 151

Atropine

Front 152

Cholinergic stimulants

2 broad categories

Back 152

direct-acting

indirect-acting

Front 153

cholinergic stimulants activate cholinergic receptors

2 types

Back 153

muscarinic

nicotinic

Front 154

muscarinic targets

Back 154

nerve
heart
glands

Front 155

nicotinic targets

Back 155

neuromuscular
ganglionic

Front 156

cholinergic stimulants

direct acting

Back 156

similar to ach

activate cholinergic receptors located on the effector cells

Front 157

cholinergic stimulants

indirect acting

Back 157

(cholinesterase inhibitors)

allow endogenous Ach to accumulate and thereby prolong/augment its action

raises Ach levels

Front 158

2 types of direct acting receptor agonists

Back 158

choline esters
alkaloids

Front 159

choline esters

Back 159

ach
methacholine
carbachol
bethanecol

Front 160

alkaloids

Back 160

muscarine
pilocarpine

Front 161

nonuniform susceptibility to _________
nonuniform affinities for _______
nonuniform ____ ______ effects

Back 161

nonuniform susceptibility to CHOLINESTERASE
nonuniform affinities for MUS AND NIC RECEPTORS
nonuniform TARGET ORGAN effects

Front 162

remove Ach with ______

Back 162

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

Front 163

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Back 163

neostigmine
physostigmine
edrophonium

Front 164

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

mech action

Back 164

inhibit acetylcholinesterase leading to increase in conc endogenous Ach

Front 165

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

target organ effects

Back 165

similar to effects of direct-acting cholinergic agonists

Front 166

Neostigmine lacks ___________ whereas __________ produces them

Back 166

Neostigmine lacks CNS EFFECTS whereas PHYSOSTIGMINE produces them

Front 167

Neostigmine affects _____ more than the _______

Back 167

Neostigmine affects NMJ more than the ANS

Front 168

Physostigmine affects ____ more than the ______

Back 168

Physostigmine affects ANS more than the NMJ

Front 169

Muscarinic receptor antagonists

Back 169

atropine
glycopyrrolate
scopolamine

Front 170

Muscarinic receptor antagonists

mech action

Back 170

cause reversible blockade (comp ant) of actions of cholinomimetics at muscarinic receptors

Front 171

muscarinic receptors are generally ________

Back 171

NONSELECTIVE (receptor subtypes)

can be regionally selective

Front 172

Muscarinic receptor antagonists

target organ effects
eye:
CV:
GI:
bronchioles:
bladder:
sweat glands:
CNS:

Back 172

eye: pupillary dilation, loss of accomodation
CV: increase HR, may increase CO due to tachycardic
GI: relax smooth muscle, decreased secretions
bronchioles: decrease secretions, increase luminal diameter
bladder: urine retention due to inhibition smooth muscle
sweat glands: decrease sweating in humans
CNS: excessive doses cause hallucinations/disorientation in humans, mania/excitement in domestics

Front 173

Biosynthetic pathway for Nitric oxide

location:
substrates:
enzyme:
product:
inhibitor:

Back 173

location: endothelium
substrates: O2, L-arginine
enzyme: NO synthase
product: NO
inhibitor: L-name (competitively inhibits NOS)

Front 174

Equine sweating

sympathetic nerves activate _________ in skin to evoke _________

Back 174

sympathetic nerves activate BETA-ADRENERGIC MECHANISMS in skin to evoke THERMOREGULATORY SWEATING

Front 175

L-name inhibits __________ and decreases __________

Back 175

L-name inhibits NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (NOS)and decreases SWEAT RATE

Front 176

in humans, sweat glands are innervated by ____________

Back 176

SYMPATHETIC CHOLINERGIC FIBERS

Front 177

equine sweating

atropine
blocked:
no sig effect on:
suggests:

Back 177

blocked: sweating
no sig effect on: blood flow
suggests: independent mech

Front 178

equine sweating

botulism toxin
mech:
prevents:
which suggests:

Back 178

mech: presynaptically inhibits Ach release
prevents: sweating and rise in skin blood flow
suggests: substance (NO?) cotransmitted with Ach to evoke rise in skin blood flow

Front 179

neuromuscular blocking drugs

Back 179

specifically block neuromuscular transmission
used with general anesthesia

Front 180

normal neuromuscular transmission

depolarization of
release of
binds to
opens
influx of
metabolized by

Back 180

depolarization of motor nerve
release of Ach
Ach binds to nicotinic receptors on motor end plate
opens membrane channel
influx of Na and K
Ach metabolized by acetylcholinesterase

Front 181

Nicotinic receptor

def:
what binds:
result:

Back 181

transmembrane protein with ion channel pore that is usually closed

Ach binds to alpha subunits

conformation change in protein, ion channel opens, ions flow, membrane depolarizes

Front 182

Nondepolarizing NMB

Back 182

competitive antagonists to Ach at nicotinic receptors

prevent binding of Ach

reversible

Front 183

cholinesterase inhibitor

Back 183

biases competition in favor of Ach by allowing build-up Ach and displacing NMB

Front 184

Nondepolarizing NMB

highly ______
poorly _________
do not cross _________
act _________

Back 184

highly polar
poorly lipid soluble
do not cross blood brain barrier
act peripherally

Front 185

Nondepolarizing NMB

side effects

Back 185

ganglionic blockade at higher dosages
histamine release
reversal agents have muscarinic side effects
pretreat with atropine

Front 186

Nondepolarizing NMB

drug interactions
augmented by:
potentiated by:

Back 186

augmented by: inhalation anesthetics
potentiated by: aminoglycosdie antibiotics

Front 187

Common nondepolarizing NMB

Back 187

gallamine
pancuronium
d-tubocurarine
atracurium

Front 188

reversal agents for nondepolarizing NMB

Back 188

neostigmine
physostigmine
edrophonium

Front 189

Effects of NMB

Back 189

muscle paralysis
progression: eye, facial, pharyngeal, limb, torso, diaphragm

Front 190

CNS transmitters

Back 190

GABA
glycine
glutamate and aspartate
norepi
dopamine
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

Front 191

GABA

Back 191

main inhibitory transmitter in brain

Front 192

Gaba-a receptors:

Gaba-b receptors:

Back 192

Gaba-a receptors: postsynaptic

Gaba-b receptors: presynaptic inhibition

Front 193

agonists

Gaba-a:

Gaba-b:

Back 193

Gaba-a: muscimol

Gaba-b: baclofen

Front 194

antagonists

Gaba-a:

Back 194

Gaba-a: bicucullin, picrotoxin

Front 195

GABA

receptor mech

Back 195

increases chloride conductance, hyperpolarizes

Front 196

Glycine

Back 196

inhibitory transmitter in spinal cord

Front 197

Glycine

agonist

Back 197

taurine

Front 198

Glycine

antagonist

Back 198

strychnine

Front 199

Glycine

receptor mech

Back 199

increases chloride conductance, hyperpolarizes

Front 200

Glutamate and aspartate

classified as:
mediate:
anatomy:

Back 200

excitatory amino acids EAA

mediate fast excitatory responses in CNS

interneurons at all levels: spinal and supraspinal

Front 201

Glutamate and aspartate

3 main EAA receptor subtypes

Back 201

NMDA
AMPA
kainate

Front 202

Glutamate and aspartate
receptor mech
NMDA:
AMPA:
metobotropic:

Back 202

NMDA: slow EPSP
AMPA: fast EPSP
metobotropic: neural modulation by many mech

Front 203

Norepi

anatomy

Back 203

all levels
long axons from pons and brainstem

Front 204

Norepi

agonists

Back 204

alpha 2: xylazine, medetomidine, clonidine

Front 205

Norepi

antagonist

Back 205

yohimbine

Front 206

Norepi

receptor mech

Back 206

G protein mediated effects on generation of second messengers and on activity of ion channels

Front 207

Dopamine

anatomy

Back 207

all levels
short, medium, and long connections

Front 208

Dopamine

agonist

Back 208

apomorphine

Front 209

Dopamine

antagonist

Back 209

phenothiazines and butyrophenones (preanesthetics)

Front 210

Dopamine
receptor mech
2 types receptors:
CNS effects:

Back 210

2 types receptors: D1 and D2
CNS effects: mainly inhibition, pre and post synaptic

Front 211

5-hydroxytryptamine

anatomy

Back 211

5-HT neurons concentrated in midline raphe nuclei in pons and medulla
project diffusely to cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, spinal cord

Front 212

5-HT

antagonist

Back 212

ketanserin

Front 213

5-HT

receptor mech
effects:
functions associated with pathways:

Back 213

effects: inhibitory or excitatory, pre or post synaptic
functions: feeding beh, control of mood, emotion, sleep/wake, sensory pathways, nociception, body temp, vomiting

Front 214

pain
def.

Back 214

coupling of an unpleasant stimulus with conscious perception and an emotional response

Front 215

nociception
def.

Back 215

sensation of an unpleasant stimulus

Front 216

nociceptors
def.

Back 216

free nerve endings distributed thruout the body which detect nociceptive stimuli

Front 217

Why feel pain? (3)

Back 217

warning of actual tissue injury
warning of impending tissue injury
warning of danger to a social group

Front 218

sensitization

Back 218

stimulus which is normally innocuous becomes a nociceptive stimulus

Front 219

Sensitization
1.
2.

Back 219

Sensitization
1. Central
2. Peripheral

Front 220

Sensitization
Central (3)

Back 220

NMDA receptor activation
increase in magnitude and response of stimulus - pain is worse
reduced activation threshold of nociceptors - pain occurs w/ less of stimulus
decreased endogenous opioids
desensitization of opiate receptors

Front 221

Sensitization
Peripheral (2)

Back 221

reduced nociceptor activation thresholds
decreased tissue pH, cytokines, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, ATP, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Front 222

Peripheral nerves
3 axon types

Back 222

sensory afferent
motor efferent
autonomic

Front 223

Sensory afferent peripheral nerves
A-fiber:
Aalpha, AB:
Adelta:
C-fiber:

Back 223

Sensory afferent peripheral nerves
A-fiber: large myelinated nerves, rapid conduction
Aalpha, AB: prorioception, tactile
Adelta: nociception; "first" pain, well localized
C-fiber: unmyelinated, slow conducting; "second" pain, dull aching, poorly localized

Front 224

Dorsal root ganglion
receptor +, propagate transmission of painful stimulus (3)

Back 224

AMPA (glutamate)
NMDA (glutamate) - loses its Mg block after AMPA activated
PGE2 (COX-2)

Front 225

Dorsal root ganglion
receptor -, inhibit transmission of painful stimulus (4)

Back 225

opiate (u, k, delta)
alpha-2 (norepi)
5-HT (serotonin)
GABA (y-aminobutyric acid)

Front 226

pain transmitted primarily by
receptor:
neurotransmitter:

Back 226

pain transmitted primarily by
receptor: AMPA
neurotransmitter: glutamate

Front 227

Second order neuron
_____ to ______
primary projection

Back 227

SPINAL CORD to THALAMUS
spinothalamic tract

Front 228

Second order neuron
receptors
+:
-:

Back 228

Second order neuron
receptors
+: glutamate, AMPA, NMDA
-: GABA, alpha-2, 5-HT

Front 229

Cerebral cortex
primary projections:

Back 229

thalamocortical

Front 230

Cerebral cortex
receptors
+:
-:

Back 230

Cerebral cortex
receptors
+: glutamate, AMPA, NMDA
-: opiate, 5-HT, alpha-2, GABA
COX-1 and COX-3 (NSAIDS acetaminophen)

Front 231

opiate
def.

Back 231

compound derived from opium plant

Front 232

opioid
def.

Back 232

endogenous peptide or synthetic compound interacting on opiate receptors

Front 233

opioids
primary metabolism:

Back 233

opioids
primary metabolism: hepatic
phase I and/or II

Front 234

Opiate receptors
(3)

Back 234

Mu - endorphin, endogenous ligand
Kappa - dynorphin, endogenous ligand
Delta - enkephalin, endogenous ligand

Front 235

Opioid effects
a lot

Back 235

analgesia
euphoria
sedation
antitussive
nausea/vomiting
dec stomach, biliary, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions
dec GI motility
dec urine voiding
inc tone antrum stomach
diuresis
miosis - dog
mydriasis - cat
panting
with large doses: dec BP and respiration
immunomodulation

Front 236

antitussive effect
depression of:
independent of:

Back 236

antitussive effect
depression of: cough center in medulla
independent of: respiratory effects

Front 237

nausea/emesis effect
direct stimulation of:
not protected by:

Back 237

nausea/emesis effect
direct stimulation of: CRTZ
not protected by: blood brain barrier

Front 238

GI tract (antidiarrheal) effect
decrease:
decrease:
increase:

can cause:

Back 238

GI tract (antidiarrheal) effect
decrease: secretions
decrease: in propulsive contractions
increase: in non-propulsive rhythmic contractions

can cause: constipation

Front 239

opiate receptors
mu

Back 239

analgesia
resp
antitussive
dec GI
sedation
euphoria

Front 240

opiate receptors
k

Back 240

analgesia, antitussive, dec GI, sedation, inc diuresis

Front 241

opiate receptors
delta

Back 241

analgesia

Front 242

opioid receptor locations
(3)

Back 242

spinal
supraspinal
periphery
(GI tract)
(other - synovium, leukocytes)

Front 243

opioid receptor locations
synergistic analgesia between ______ and ______ receptors

Back 243

synergistic analgesia between SPINAL and SUPRASPINAL receptors

Front 244

opioid receptor locations
spinal

Back 244

pre and postsynaptic at dorsal root ganglion

Front 245

opioid receptor locations
supraspinal

Back 245

medulla, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray area, amygdala, cerebral cortex

Front 246

opioid drugs classified by:
____ they interact with and the ______ elicited

Back 246

opioid drugs classified by:
RECEPTORS they interact with and the EFFECT elicited

Front 247

potency

Back 247

concentration which elicits the effect

affects dose

Front 248

efficacy

Back 248

magnitude of the effect

affects analgesic effect

Front 249

opiate receptor activation
_______ inhibition of ________

Back 249

opiate receptor activation
G-PROTEIN inhibition of ADENYLYL CYCLASE

Front 250

G-protein inhibition of adenylyl cyclase
dec:
inc:
dec:
net:

Back 250

G-protein inhibition of adenylyl cyclase
dec: cAMP
inc: receptor linked K currents - inc outward flow
dec: voltage-gated Ca currents - dec inward flow
net: hyperpolarization of membrane potential

Front 251

tolerance
def:
requires:

Back 251

tolerance
def: decrease in efficacy over time
requires: long term administration, 4-5wk in dog

Front 252

opioids tolerance
mech:

Back 252

internalization of receptors: mu, k
protein kinase C: phosphorylation of receptors leading to inactivation: mu, delta
inc adenylyl cyclase activity (as result of dec cAMP)

Front 253

dependence
__ days with morphine
clinical signs precipiated by opioid ________

Back 253

dependence
7 days with morphine
clinical signs precipiated by opioid ANTAGONIST

Front 254

opioids dependence
clinical signs

Back 254

hyperactivity
biting
digging
tremors
nausea
hyperthermia
inc wakefulness

Front 255

opioids for analgesia
moderate to severe pain

Back 255

mu agonists
morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl

Front 256

opioids for analgesia
mild to moderate pain

Back 256

mu agonists - morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, tramadol
mu partial agonists - buprenorphine
k agonists - butorphanol, nalbuphine

Front 257

opioids for analgesia
administer at ___________ or as ___________, not _________

Back 257

opioids for analgesia
administer at RECOMMENDED INTERVAL or as CONSTANT RATE INFUSION, not AS NEEDED

Front 258

________ and _________ pain are poorly responsive to opioids

Back 258

CHRONIC and NEUROPATHIC pain are poorly responsive to opioids

Front 259

pre-emptive analgesia
def.

Back 259

administration of opioids prior to and during surgery

Front 260

pre-emptive analgesia
decreases (3)

Back 260

decreases in central sensitization
decreases postoperative pain
decreases consumption of analgesics

Front 261

morphine
active metabolite:

Back 261

morphine
active metabolite: M6G, has variable activity

Front 262

morphine
________ release upon IV administration
note minimal:

Back 262

morphine
HISTAMINE release upon IV administration
note minimal: HYPOTENSION

Front 263

morphine half life
short or long
dog:
cat:

Back 263

morphine half life
SHORT
dog: 1 hr
cat: 1.3 hr

Front 264

morphine
primary adverse effect is in horses:
limit to:

Back 264

morphine
primary adverse effect is in horses: ILEUS
limit to: SINGLE DOSE

Front 265

morphine
with IV dosing, _______ lag time until max effect

Back 265

45 MIN

Front 266

morphine
clinically relevant effects in:

Back 266

10-20 MIN

Front 267

morphine
oral bioavailability:

Back 267

morphine
oral bioavailability: poor and erratic
5-20%
not recommened, poor efficacy

Front 268

morphine in dogs
clin use:
AE:

Back 268

morphine in dogs
clin use: analgesia, sedative
AE: minimal - vomit, defecation, panting, sedation, dysphoria

Front 269

morphine in cats
clin use:
AE:

Back 269

morphine in cats
clin use: analgesia, emesis
AE: vomit, mydriasis, sedation, dysphoria

Front 270

morphine in horses
clin use:
AE:

Back 270

morphine in horses
clin use: analgesia
AE: ileus

Front 271

oxygmorphone

Back 271

10x potency morphine
cost-prohibitive
mu agonist
less vomiting, quicker onset of action b/c 25x lipophilicity

Front 272

hydromorphone

Back 272

7x potency, 2x lipophilicity
mu agonist
less vomiting, quicker onset action

Front 273

fentanyl

Back 273

80-100x potency, 1000x lipophilicity
short duration b/c redistribution
T1/2: 3-4 hr
less vomiting, quicker onset

Front 274

fentanyl transdermal patch
lag time:
duration dog:
duration cat:

Back 274

lag time: 12-24 hr
duration dog: 3 day
duration cat: 5 day

Front 275

fentanyl transdermal patch in horse
duration:
lag:
tolerated:

Back 275

duration: 36-48 hr, 2 days
lag: 1 hr, rapid absorption
tolerated: well tolerated for 9 days

Front 276

buprenorphine


duration:
affinity:
oral bioavailability:

Back 276

partial mu agonist
25-50x potent
less vomiting, sedation
slowest onset, 1hr to max

duration: longer, 4-12hr
affinity: high for mu receptors, resistant to naloxone reversal
oral bioavailability: <20%, not effective

Front 277

buprenorphine in cats

Back 277

transmucosal - cheek pouch

Front 278

hydrocodone

use:
metabolized in part to:
oral bioavailability:
duration:
analgesia:

Back 278

hydrocodone

use: antitussive in dogs
metabolized in part to: hydromorphone
oral bioavailability: 40-80%, only true opioid can use orally
duration: 4-8hr
analgesia: not evaulated

Front 279

codeine

metabolized to:
bioavailability:

still used a lot b/c:

Back 279

codeine

metabolized to: 10% to morphine
bioavailability: poor, 6%; minimal conversion to morphine in dogs; probably ineffective as analgesic

still used a lot b/c: cheap and no AE (b/c not absorbed)

Front 280

oxycodone

Back 280

mu and k agonist
poor oral bioavailability
high abuse potential
probably ineffective
use not recommended

Front 281

butorphanol

Back 281

5x potency
weak analgesic, short duration 1hr
poor oral bioavailability, 20%
less GI AE
moderate sedative
less effective than NSAIDs
painful on IM

SEDATION, BUT NOT ANALGESIA

Front 282

butorphanol in ruminants may cause _____

Back 282

RUMEN STASIS

Front 283

nalbuphine

Back 283

mu antagonist (used as reversal agent), k agonist

inexpensive, not scheduled
similar efficacy to butorphanol

Front 284

naloxone

Back 284

opioid antagonist "reversal agent"
reverses exogenous and endogenous - ALL opioid induced analgesia

Front 285

naloxone
primary indication:
may cause:
duration of reversal:

Back 285

naloxone
primary indication: opioid overdose
may cause: CV shock due to pain, arrhythmias, hypertension, tachycardia, excitement
duration of reversal: short, use multiple doses

Front 286

loperamide (immodium)

Back 286

antidiarrheal
mu agonist
minimal tolerance to chronic use
high efficacy
excluded from CNS by p-glycoprotein - NO analgesia
sedation in collies

Front 287

tramadol

Back 287

tech not an opioid
active metabolite M1
mu agonist
fluoxetine (SSRI) inhibits metabolism
inexpensive, not scheduled
bitter tasting

Front 288

tramadol
avoid co-administration with:

Back 288

OTHER 5-HT DRUGS

Front 289

tramadol
indication:
AE (rare):

Back 289

indication: mild-moderate pain, antitussive
AE: sedation, vomiting, dec seizure threshold (contraindicated in epileptics)

Front 290

heroin (diamorphine)

Back 290

more lipophilic, faster onset
mu agonist
metabolized to morphine
legal in europe
no more effective than other opioids

Front 291

amantadine
mech action:


indications:

Back 291

mech action:
NMDA antagonist - dec sensitization, but no analgesia
dopamine agonist, inc NT release
antiviral

indications:
no pre-emptive analgesia
potentiates other analgesics
chronic, acute, or neuropathic pain

Front 292

amantadine

Back 292

renal excretion, glomerular filtration
AE: nausea, vomiting
well tolerated
often combo w/ tramadol, NSAIDs, gabapentin, or fentanyl

Front 293

gabapentin

Back 293

GABA analogue
mech: may dec GABA metabolism, inc non-synaptic release, or dec reuptake
inc brain GABA conc
indications: anticonvulsant, neuralgia, chronic pain

Front 294

hydroxyzine

Back 294

H1 - antihistamine
most commonly for atopy trt
people: effective sole analgesic, additive analgesia w/ opioids
no studies in dogs

Front 295

local anesthetics
mech:

Back 295

block Na channels on nerves blocking action potential

Front 296

local anesthetics
order of blockade:

Back 296

nociceptors
autonomic
touch/pressure
motor

Front 297

local anesthetics

tachyphylaxis:

Back 297

loss of activity with repeated doses

Front 298

local anesthetics
routes of administration

Back 298

topical, inject in vicinity to peripheral nerves, subcu infiltration, epidural, subarachnoid
IVRA - IV w/ tourniquet
systemic - IV infusion, LIDOCAINE only

Front 299

local anesthetics
add _______ to prolong activity

Back 299

VASOCONSTRICTORS

epi, phenylephrine

Front 300

local anesthetics

______ absorption following _____ administration
potential for ________

Back 300

SYSTEMIC absorption following LOCAL administration

potential for TOXICITY

Front 301

local anesthetics
AE (3)

Back 301

1. CNS - dogs, horses, ruminants
2. cardiovascular - cats
3. neurotoxicity - put around nerve, not in nerve sheath

Front 302

local anesthetics
3

Back 302

lidocaine
mepivicaine
bupivicaine

Front 303

lidocaine

Back 303

quick onset, 10min
short duration, 1-2hr

Front 304

mepivicaine

Back 304

used most in horses
onset and duration similar to lidocaine

Front 305

bupivicaine

Back 305

longer onset, 30-45min
longer duration, 6hr

often combo w/ lidocaine

Front 306

local anesthetics
indications

Back 306

pre-emptive analgesia
postoperative analgesia
epidurals
IV infusion - Lidocaine only

Front 307

topical lidocaine

Back 307

EMLA
variable success

Front 308

other medications for pain

Back 308

tricyclic antidepressants TCA's
serotonin norepi reuptake inhibitors SNRI's
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI's
NSAIDs

Front 309

TCA's

Back 309

norepi and serotonin reuptake inhibitors
amitriptyline
clomipramine

Front 310

SNRI's

Back 310

venlafaxine

Front 311

SSRI's

Back 311

fluoxetine - combo w/ opioids

Front 312

NSAIDs

Back 312

carprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib

Front 313

targets for pain management

Back 313

opioid agonists
serotonin agonists
GABA agonists
norepi agonists
NMDA antagonists
sodium channel blockers
COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors