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36 Cards in this Set

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What are the 2 systems which form the ANS?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Do skeletal muscles have pre/post ganglionic neurons?
No - they just have one somatic motor neuron
What are the effects of the innervation of the parasympathetic nervous system? Which receptor mediates these effects?
DUMBELS - Diarrhea/diaphoresis (sweating), urination, miosis, bradychardia, bronchospasm, bronchorea, emesis, lacrimation, salivation. mAchr (muscarinic receptors)
Name some catecholamines
Tyrosine --> DOPA --> DA --> NA -->A
Describe a nAchR, and its agonists
Cation channel, nicotine and Ach. It has 4 transmembrane domains
What are the agonists of a mAchR?
Ach, muscarine and carbachol
Describe mAchr
GPCR, there are 5 types M1 - M5
Name antagonists of the mAchr
Atropine
Describe the parasympathetic nervous system and what NTs are involved
pre ganglionic neuron scretes Ach (nAchR) --> acts on postganglionic neuron which secretes nAch (mAchR)
Describe the sympathetic nervous system and what NTs are involved
pre ganglionic neuron scretes Ach (nAchR) --> acts on postganglionic neuron which secretes NA (adrenergic receptors)
What NT acts on skeletal muscles?
Ach on nAchRs
What is an exception to the sympathetic nervous system?
Sweat gland, the postganglionic neuron secretes Ach onto mAchR
What happens to the blood vessels in the skin and viscera when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Blood vessels contract
What happens to the blood vessels in skeletal muscles when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Dilate
Describe what happens in terms of the innervation of the adrenal medulla in the sypathetic nervous system
Preganglionic neuron passes through the ganglionic chain without synapsing into adrenal medulla onto chromaffin cells. These cells release NA and A into blood
What is BP conrolled by?
Resistance in arteries and heart rate
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
The process which occurs to bring down BP when too high and vice versa
Where are baroreceptors located?
In carotid sinus
How does the baroreceptor reflex work?
Baroreceptor is stimulated by stretch/high BP. If BP too high parasympathetic NS is stimulated (to decrease HR) and sympathetic stimulation is reduced and vice versa
What do Achesterases do?
Break down Ach and increase contractions
How does botox work?
Prevents the release of Ach and other NTs--> paralysis
What is depolarisation block?
Where nAchR is continuously activated resulting in decreased electrical excitability
What are the effects of high dose Achesterase inhibitor on muscarinic receptors?
blurred vision, lacrimation, emesis, bradychardia
What are the effects of high dose Achesterase inhibitor on nicotinic receptors?
Depolarisation block leading to flaccid paralysis
What are the effects of atropine?
Mydriasis, tachycardia, blurred vision, constipation, dry mouth
Uses of atropine
Asthma (bronchodilation), in surgery to inhibit vagus reflex (bronchospasm and bradychardia)
Use of scopolamine
anti-emetic
What are the different types of nAchRs?
muscles, ganglionic and CNS --> all structurally different
Effects of Nicotine
(MTWThF) - Mydriasis, tachycardia, weakness, hyperthermia, fasciculation
What are the effects of ganglionic blockers on the sympathetic NS?
Vasodilation in skin and viscera which decreases BP
What are the effects of ganglionic blockers on the parasympathetic NS?
Heart rate increases
Side effect of ganglionic blocking drugs?
Orthostatic hypotension (as it blocks most cardiovascular reflexes)
What is the problem with old muscle relaxants?
Blocks nAchRs at ganglions and adrenal medulla causing decrease in BP and tachcardia
Modern muscle relaxants only work peripherally at nAchR
Describe the non-depolarising action of muscle relaxants
Use of Ach antagonist
Describe the depolarising action of muscle-relaxants
use of nAchR agonist which causes depolarisation block and then flaccid paralysis
Why are muscle relaxants used?
Easier to cut relaxed muscles, less damage done