Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

Both the autonomic and somatic (voluntary) nervous systems involve reflexes and connections to the CNS utilizing unipolar and multipolar sensory neurons, _______, and _____.

Back 1

Interneurons

motor neurons

Front 2

The autonomic system is often considered a motor system for control of ______________.

Back 2

autonomic effectors

Front 3

The effectors of the autonomic nervous system include, _____, _____, and the _____.

Back 3

smooth muscle

glands

heart

Front 4

The autonomic nervous system also utilizes senory inputs as part of _____ and independently as part of broader control mechanisms.

Back 4

visceral reflexes

Front 5

While the motor neuron in a somatic pathway travels directly to the skeletal muscle effector, in the autonomic nervous system there are _____ which synapse at an _____.

Back 5

two motor neurons

autonomic ganglion

Front 6

The neurotransmitter also may vary with the parasympathetic division mostly mostly using _____ at both pre and post ganglionic fibers, while the sympathetic division utilizes mostly norepinephrine at the post ganglionic fibers.

Back 6

acetylcholine

Front 7

The two autonomic divisions are ______ and _______.

Back 7

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 8

The parasympathetic division originates (has its CNS connection) in either the _____ or sacral portions of the ______.

Back 8

Cranial

CNS

Front 9

The Parasympathetic division utilizes _____ (remember III, VII, IX, X) or _____ (the pelvic splanchnic nerves).

Back 9

Cranial nerves

sacral spinal nerves

Front 10

The autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located on or near the ______ organ.

Back 10

effetor

Front 11

The ganglia of the parasympathetic division utilizes ______ as both the pre-ganglionic and the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter (we call that ______).

Back 11

acetylcholine

cholinergic

Front 12

The ___________ neurotransmitter is most important because this is the transmitter actually released as the effector organ and which stimulates its receptors.

Back 12

post-ganglionic

Front 13

The parasympathetic division has ______ which can mostly be described as producing the ______ responses, i.e. non-stress responses, of its effectors.

Back 13

localized and specific effects

normal

Front 14

The sympathetic division has its origin in the _____ portion of the spinal cord.

Back 14

thoracolumbar

Front 15

The autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic division are located in a chain of ganglia called the _____ located near the spinal cord.

Back 15

lateral chain ganglia

Front 16

There are also plexuses of the sympathetic division which allow ______ between different components of the divison.

Back 16

multiple connections

Front 17

The sympathetic division uses ____ at its autonomic ganglia, but mostly uses _____ at the effector organ adrenergic.

Back 17

ACH

norepinephrine

Front 18

The sympathetic division often exhibits a _____ rather than local effect.

Back 18

general activation

Front 19

The sympathetic division often acts as a _____ system.

Back 19

stress response

Front 20

The alliteration _____ is sometimes used to describe that way in which the sympathetic division becomes activated to mobilize the body's resources.

Back 20

Fight or Flight

Front 21

The term _____ refers to those receptors which respond to the transmitter acetylcholine.

Back 21

cholinergic

Front 22

______ receptors are mostly excitatory.

Back 22

Alpha

Front 23

The significance is that certain clinical drugs can be used to stimulate or inhibit one type or _____ receptor without affecting other types.

Back 23

cholinergic

Front 24

______ receptors are found at all autonomic ganglia, and at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles.

Back 24

nicotinic

Front 25

_____receptors are found at parasympathetic target organs and at certain sympathetic targets - the _____ (which produces copious secretion in thermoregulation to release heat), and blood vessels in skeletal muscles (which are dilated).

Back 25

muscarinic

eccrine sweat glands

Front 26

______ receptors come in two basic types and each has subtypes.

Back 26

Adrenergic

Front 27

_____ receptors are generally inhibitory, except those to the heart.

Back 27

Beta

Front 28

_____ receptors on the heart increase heart rate and force.

Back 28

Beta

Front 29

Some ______ receptors dilate blood vessels to the heart and lungs, and dilate the bronchi.

Back 29

beta

Front 30

Beta receptors inhibit the muscles and glands or the ______ tract.

Back 30

GI

Front 31

The ______ glands are only innervated by sympathetic fibers.

Back 31

Sweat

Front 32

The ____ gland are innervated by cholinergic fibers which cause them to secrete copiously for thermoregulation.

Back 32

eccrine

Front 33

The _____ glands secrete a viscous fluid containing pheromones in response to stress and sexual arouse. These are controlled by adrenergic fibers. Blood vessels to the sweat are adrenergic and dilate in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Back 33

apocrine

Front 34

Most ______ vessels are innervated by sympathetic fibers only.

Back 34

blood

Front 35

Most blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic fibers only. The exception is vessels to the _____ which are dilated by parasympathetic stimulation.

Back 35

genitalia

Front 36

Mostly the _______ stimulation causes vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure, but to the vessels of the skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs vasodilation occurs as part of the need for more blood and oxygen during "Fight or Flight".

Back 36

sympathetic

Front 37

Beta receptors are in effect used as anti-bronchitis drugs which are _____.

Back 37

sympathomimetic

Front 38

The alpha receptors cause _____ of most blood vessels to raise the blood pressure, dilation of the pupils of the eyes, constriction of sphincters in the GI tract as part of its reduced function with sympathetic stimulation.

Back 38

vasoconstriction

Front 39

There are two types of cholinergic receptors, classified according to whether they are stimulated by the drug ______ or by the drug _____.

Back 39

nicotine

muscarine