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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the core characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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Autism is a spectrum disorder with core deficits in language, social interaction and behavioral abnormalities
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What is the definition of Autism
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Autism is a biologically based lifelong developmental disorder characterized by deficits in language, social interactions, communications accompanied by perseverations in thought and repetitive behaviors.
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What is the Relationship between Autism and ID?
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About 70% of kids with Autism also have an intellectual disorder.
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Explain what ToM is and what the test is for ToM that we discussed in class.
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ToM is the ability to be aware of the fact that yours is not the only perspective. The Sally-Anne test is used for determining ToM capacity in children.
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What problems in early development have been identified in a small minority of cases of Autism?
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Premature birth
Bleeding in pregnancy Toxemia Viral infection |
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Genetic Influences
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Children with Autism have a greater risk for some specific gene anomalies (fragile-X Syndrome) when compared with the general population
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Genetic Influences
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Heritability factor possibly as high as 90% has been determined from twin studies
Non-autistic relatives tend to show abnormalities similar to the core features of ASD just less severe |
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Brain Abnormalities in Autism
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Recall that kids with ASD are more likely than kids without it to have epilepsy
We also see abnormal brain activity in about half of all kids with ASD |
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Brain Abnormalities in social ability, behavior and language suggest deficits in several brain areas such as
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These include: the amygdala, frontal cortices, temporal lobe
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Brain Abnormalities in frontal cortices
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see decreased blood flow to the frontal cortices and temporal lobes regions involved in executive function and language respectively
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Brain Abnormalities and neurochemical changes with autism
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About a third of kids with ASD have elevated levels of serotonin
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Interventions for Autism
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The goals of intervention are to minimize the core deficits of ASD
The most effective treatments are developmentally oriented and involve the family |
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When you first meet your ASD client
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You will spend a few sessions just building a rapport with them and teaching discrete trial training and incidental training
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What is Discrete trail training?
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This is a step-by-step process in which you teach the client a specific response to a given stimulus
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Incidental Training
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Incidental training strengthens behavior by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities.
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Operant Conditioning with Autism
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You want to minimize the expression of undesirable behaviors, such as self-injurious behaviors, while increasing the expression of appropriate socially oriented behaviors and language based communications
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To be most effective, interventions need to be
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early,
Often (25 hrs/week, year round) Low student-teacher ratios High degree of structure Family inclusion Peer interaction |
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Asperger’s Disorder
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Defined by major difficulties in social interactions and unusual patterns of interest and behavior with relatively intact cognitive ability
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Asperger’s versus Mild Autism
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verbal ability is much higher in kids with Asperger’s
Kids with Asperger’s have less of a language delay Kids with Asperger’s have a greater interest in social interaction |
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Asperger’s
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More common in boys
Similar neuro-deficits as found in ASD but less severe Higher degree of intellectual functioning means better treatment outcomes |
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PDD-not otherwise specified
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These are kids that have deficits in social, communication, and behavior but do not qualify for a diagnosis of Autism, Asperger’s, disintegrative disorders, Rett’s or Schizophrenia
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Disintegrative Disorder
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This is characterized by a significant loss of language, social skill and behaviors before the age of 10
very rare, only occurs is 1 in 50, 000 kids Looks like ASD but it begins after a period of normal development |
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Rett’s Disorder
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A severe neurological disorder characterized by a deceleration of head growth accompanied by mental retardation.
This x-linked t |
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Schizophrenia (childhood-onset)
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Has a later onset then Autism
Is not associated with the same intellectual disabilities as Autism Is accompanied by hallucinations and delusions Is qualitatively the same as the adult-onset type of schizophrenia but more severe and less common |
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DSM IV Criteria for Schizophrenia
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Delusions (disordered thinking)
Hallucinations (disturbances in perception) Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms Most last more than 6 months |
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Causes/Etiology of Schizophrenia
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Current thinking is based on a vulnerability-stress model
There is strong evidence for a genetic component Treatment This is a chronic disorder, arguably one of the most debilitating psychological disorders We use psychosocial treatments but the main therapy is antipsychotics |
