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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physical Sound |
pressure changes in the air or other medium |
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Perceptual Sound |
the experience we have when we hear |
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Sound Stimulus |
occurs when movements or vibrations of an object cause pressure changes in air, water, or other elastic mediums |
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Soundwave |
pattern of air pressure changes traveling at 340 meters per second |
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Pure Tone |
pressure changes occurring in a pattern described by the mathematical function of a sine wave |
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Amplitude |
the size of a pressure change |
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Frequency |
the number of times per second the pressure changes repeat measured in Hertz (Hz) |
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Loudness |
determined by amplitude larger amplitudes lead to louder sound measured in decibels (dB) |
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Pitch |
psychological quality of a tone high frequency leads to high pitch |
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Range of Hearing |
20Hz - 20,000Hz |
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Speech Range |
understandable frequencies are between 2,000-4,000Hz |
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Threshold for Feeling |
amplitudes above this curve can be "felt" and may cause damage to our hearing |
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Timbre |
combinations of frequencies that create difference in sounds at the same frequency, decibel level and pitch |
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Periodic Sounds |
have a repeating pattern of pressure changes |
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Aperiodic Sounds |
have a nonrepeating pattern of pressure changes |
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Pinnae |
outer ear the visible structures on our heads |
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Auditory Canal |
outer ear tubelike structure about 3cm long that protects the middle ear structures |
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Outer Ear Functions |
protection, resonance |
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Resonance |
when soudwaves are reflected back from the closed end of the auditory canal and collide with the incoming soudwaves |
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Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) |
middle ear located directly at the end of the auditory canal and transmits vibrations to other structures according to the soudwaves it receives |
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Ossicles |
middle ear cavity 3 smallest bones in the body malleus, incus, stapes |
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Malleus (Hammer) |
middle ear cavity attached to the tympanic membrane and tramits vibrations to incus |
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Incus (Anvil) |
middle ear cavity attached to malleus and transmits vibrations to stapes |
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Stapes |
middle ear cavity attached to incus and transmits vibrations to the inner ear's oval window |
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Cochlea |
inner ear filled with liquid that receives vibrations from the stapes |
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Scala Vestibuli |
upper half of cochlea |
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Scala Tympani |
lower half of cochlea |
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Cochlear Partition |
separates the two halves of the cochlea |
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Bekesy's Place Theory of Hearing |
the frequency of a sound is indicated by the place along the organ of Corti at which nerve firing is highest |
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Phase Locking |
when neurons always fire at the same point or phase of a sound stimulus |
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Tonotopic Map |
shows where certain frequencies will be perceived in the auditory receiving area |
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The Effect of the Missing Fundamental |
removing the fundamental frequency from a musical tone does not change the pitch of the sound |
