Audiology Test 1

Front 1

What are the Two general categories of the classical theories of hearing?

Back 1

place, frequency

Front 2

The place theory was postulated by ___________

Back 2

Helmholtz

Front 3

Classical theory that postulated that structures acted like finely tuned resonators. Implied that basilar membrane is composed of a series of tuned segments that resonate to particular frequencies. The part of the membrane corresponding to the incoming stimulus was the part that vibrated.

Back 3

Place Theory

Front 4

What were the three main problems with the Place theory?

Back 4

BM tension, missing fundamentals, tuning

Front 5

In order for the Place theory to work and to account for the sharp tuning of the inner ear, it would be necessary for those finely tuned resonators to be under differing amounts of ______________.

Back 5

tension

Front 6

(Place Theory) Is the basilar membrane under any tension?

Back 6

No

Front 7

(Place Theory) The missing fundamental was thought to be a result of distortion that was caused by the nonlinearity of middle ear. Is the middle ear actual nonlinear?

Back 7

No

Front 8

(Place Theory) What the true cause of the missing fundamental?

Back 8

Ear uses both frequency pattern and temporal pattern to determine pitch. The ear uses the fundamental frequency of a combination of tones as well as the period of the fundamental frequency in order to determine what frequency we are hearing.

Front 9

(Place theory) In order for the basilar membrane to respond to specific frequencies at specific locations, the basilar membrane would have to have __________ tuning, _________ damping, and ________ ringing, which would in turn cause echoes. This disproves the place theory because we do not hear echoes in average speech.

Back 9

narrow, low, long

Front 10

The theory that states that the cochlea is NOT frequency specific but responds to all frequencies all along the basilar membrane. After responding to the frequencies, the hair cells transmit frequencies to auditory nerve for analysis

Back 10

Frequency (Telephone) Theory

Front 11

What are the problems with the frequency theory

Back 11

There is a limit to the number of nerve fiber discharges per second so the frequency theory cannot amount for frequencies over 1KHZ. If the frequency theory cannot amount for frequencies over 1 KHz, it also cannot account for why high frequency hearing loss is associated with certain parts of the basilar membrane

Front 12

What kind of response does the action potential have?

Back 12

all or nothing

Front 13

The refactory period which states that once the action potential fires it can't fire again for another 1 ms.

Back 13

absolute refractory period

Front 14

The refractory period after the absolute refractory period that requires a greater amount of stimulus in order for the nerve to fire again.

Back 14

relative refractory period

Front 15

Combination of the Place/Frequency (Telephone) Theories that suggests that one neuron doesn’t have to carry all of the information alone, but that groups of fibers work together.

Back 15

Volley Theory

Front 16

an observed phenomenon (in support of the volley principle) where neurons fire in synchrony with the phase of a stimulus. This works for frequencies of up to _______________ Hz

Back 16

phase locking, 4000-5000

Front 17

No individual neuron could fire at each peak, but a bunch of phase-locked neurons working together can produce a burst of activity at each peak, and so the firing frequency of a collection of neurons can indeed mimic the __________________ of the stimulus

Back 17

frequency

Front 18

Below 300-400 Hz ________________ likely predominates

Back 18

temporal coding

Front 19

Phase locking works for frequencies up to ___________________ Hz

Back 19

4000-5000

Front 20

Above 4000-5000 Hz ________________ takes predominates

Back 20

the place theory

Front 21

Between 400 and 4000 __________ takes predominance

Back 21

A combination of volley & place theories

Front 22

sound transmitted to inner ear via_____________

Back 22

ossicular chain

Front 23

The sound transmitted to the inner ear by the ossicular chain causes stapes to rock in and out of __________, causing fluid within cochlea to move as a wave. This is known as the _________________ theory.

Back 23

oval window, traveling wave

Front 24

Wave is propagated along basilar membrane from _______ to ________, which causes bm to be displaced. Basilar membrane becomes displaced in a wave like motion=___________. The basilar membrane also becomes displaced from _________ to __________

Back 24

base, apex
traveling wave
base, apex

Front 25

Basilar membrane displacement _____________ in amplitude until a _____________ displacement is reached and then _____________abruptly

Back 25

increases, maximum, decreases

Front 26

The greater the stimulus level (intensity level of stimulus) the greater the _____________

Back 26

displacement

Front 27

Displacement peak occurs near apex for _______ freq and near base for ________ freqs.

Back 27

low, high

Front 28

Displacement peak occurs near _________ for high freq and near ________ for low freqs.

Back 28

base for high freq, apex for low freqs

Front 29

Displacement is ALWAYS from ________ to _________, regardless of frequency

Back 29

base, apex

Front 30

For very ______ freqs, displacement occurs along nearly the entire basilar membrane, but peaks near apex

Back 30

low

Front 31

The input frequency determines not only the ______________ that the traveling wave moves, but the rate of basilar membrane __________.

Back 31

distance, vibration

Front 32

The basal end can vibrate to ______________ freqs and the apical end can vibrate to __________freqs

Back 32

basal= low and high freqs
apical= only low freqs

Front 33

High freq stimulation results in large displacements at ________

Back 33

base

Front 34

Low freqs cause small displacements at __________first & large displacement at __________

Back 34

basal end, apex

Front 35

The traveling wave is how the cochlea performs ______________________ analysis

Back 35

frequency

Front 36

Each hair cell contains sensory receptors or____________

Back 36

stereocilia

Front 37

Each hair cell contains sensory receptors or stereocilia.
Cilia from _______ are embedded in the tectorial membrane; whereas cilia from ______ are not

Back 37

OHCs, IHCs

Front 38

When the basilar membrane is deflected, the stereocilia are bent and the hair cells are activated. Bending of the stereocilia ___________ the modiulus activates the hair cells and __________ firing rate of aud. neurons

Back 38

away from, increases

Front 39

Bending __________ the modiolus inhibits the hair cells and ____________ firing rate

Back 39

towards, decreases

Front 40

What are the two main functions of the cochlea?

Back 40

1. provide frequency analysis on incoming signals
2. convert mechanical energy to neuroelectric energy via the HC and synapse with auditory neurons

Front 41

Generated by nerve fiber (acoustic 8th cn); Recorded from the nerve fiber itself or sites near nerve; All-or-none potential that appears as a spike

Back 41

Action potential

Front 42

Single nerve fiber responses are recorded by inserting a __________________ into a nerve fiber

Back 42

microelectrode

Front 43

the time it takes the action potential of the auditory nerve fibers to reach maximum (amp) potential & return to resting state

Back 43

spike

Front 44

The number of times the nerve fires (discharges) per second is called the ____________

Back 44

firing rate

Front 45

Nerve fibers require no stimulation and can fire on their own. This is known as the _______________ rate.

Back 45

spontaneous

Front 46

A nerve fiber is _____________ when its firing rate increases above its spontaneous rate by some percentage (e.g. 20%).

Back 46

activated

Front 47

The minimum intensity level needed for a nerve fiber to become activated and increase its firing rate above its spontaneous rate is the nerve fiber's ____________.

Back 47

threshold

Front 48

The lowest intensity that gives rise to a criterion percentage increase in rate at which the fiber is firing above its spontaneous rate is the nerve fiber's _________________

Back 48

threshold

Front 49

Nerve fibers can respond to more than one frequency depending on the ___________ level

Back 49

stimulus

Front 50

The frequency at which the nerve fiber responds best is called the ___________________

Back 50

characteristic frequency

Front 51

Fibers with High characteristic frequencies are found in hair cells in the

Back 51

base of cochlea

Front 52

Fibers with low characteristic frequencies are found in hair cells in the

Back 52

apex of cochlea

Front 53

Increasing stimulus intensity increases _______________ until a maximum rate is reached (usually _________ dB above the spontaneous rate.). In this way the nerve fiber can encode _____________

Back 53

spike rate, 30-40, intensity

Front 54

For single nerve fibers, as the stimulus intensity increases, the ______________ increases, but the ___________ does not

Back 54

spike rate, amplitude of the spike

Front 55

Chart that reflects the most frequent time interval between each pair of neural discharges/indicates that the most frequent interspike interval corresponds to the period of the waveform

Back 55

interval histogram

Front 56

Interval histograms prove that fibers help to encode the _________ of the waveform.

Back 56

period

Front 57

occur as the result of a large group of neurons firing

Back 57

whole nerve action potential/ compound action potentials

Front 58

WN action potentials can be recorded by positioning surface ____________ on the head and other body parts.

Back 58

electrodes

Front 59

Whole nerve action potentials can be recorded from locations __________ to the nerve

Back 59

distant

Front 60

Are WN responses an all-or-none event?

Back 60

No

Front 61

What kind of response are WN or CAP action potentials?

Back 61

graded

Front 62

With WN/CAPh, the more nerve fibers firing, the greater the _____________

Back 62

amplitude

Front 63

Brief stimulus durations such as clicks are used to increase the ___________________ of nerve fiber responses and thus increase the _____________ of nerve fiber responses

Back 63

synchronization, amplitude

Front 64

After receiving the stimuli, the traveling wave takes ________ ms to travel the full length of the cochlea from the base to the apex.

Back 64

2-4 ms

Front 65

__________________ fibers respond synchronously to stimuli and thus provide the largest contribution to the whole-nerve action potential.

Back 65

Basal high frequency

Front 66

The response of the WN/CAP are measured in terms of ____________ and ______________

Back 66

latency, amplitude

Front 67

The interval b/t stimulus onset and the onset of the neural response

Back 67

latency

Front 68

As the stimulus level increases, the latency ___________ and the amplitude ___________

Back 68

decreases, increases

Front 69

The study of the relationship between the sound stimulus and the response it produces in the subject

Back 69

psychoacoustics

Front 70

What are the two methods of measurement used by psychoacousticians?

Back 70

Discriminating procedures
Scaling techniques

Front 71

Procedure that measures where a listener has to make subjective response to presence of a signal

Back 71

Discriminating procedures

Front 72

Procedure that analyzes the smallest difference that would allow the listener to discriminate between 2 stimulus conditions

Back 72

Discriminating procedures

Front 73

What is the end result of the discriminating procedure?

Back 73

threshold

Front 74

The threshold that describes the lowest stimulus level that we can present a signal to you and you can detect it presence from no stimulus being present. You should be able to detect this 50% of the time

Back 74

Absolute threshold

Front 75

The absolute threshold detects the ____________ of a signal.

Back 75

presence

Front 76

The threshold that indicates the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected by the listener

Back 76

Difference Threshold

Front 77

Threshold that is used to notice/detect the smallest difference in frequency or intensity between two tones a certain % of the time.

Back 77

Difference Threshold.

Front 78

Techniques that measure behavioral responses to intensities or frequencies.

Back 78

Scaling techniques

Front 79

Scaling techniques attempt to measure sensation directly by measuring what two parameters?

Back 79

loudness and pitch

Front 80

What are the three measures of discrimination procedures that are used to measure absolute and difference thresholds?

Back 80

Method of limits
Method of adjustments
Method of constant stimuli

Front 81

Test in which there are several trials. Will present the signal at a # of diff intensity levels. Trials alternate between ascending and descending. The stimulus adjustment is not continuous. Experimenter makes the adjustment. The bigger the adjustment, the bigger the chance for error in the threshold.

Back 81

Method of Limits

Front 82

Similar to method of limits except for the listener/participant adjusts the stimulus level. The stimulus adjustment is continuous.

Back 82

Method of Adjustment

Front 83

The experimenter presents the stimulus level at varying intensities. But there is a constant stimuli=When the experiment is finished, the stimulus level has been presented at each stimulus level the same number of times. Ex: The experimenter will present stimulus at 2, 4, 6, and 8 db 3 times each.

Back 83

Method of Constant Stimuli

Front 84

Modified versions of the three types of discrimination procedures which help to prevent biased results as a result of factors other than the magnitude of sensation (such as by biasing the subject or incorrectly administering procedures)

Back 84

Adaptive Procedures

Front 85

Test that quantifies a subjective attribute of sound such as loudness or pitch by allowing the experimenter to determine set of stimulus parameters that all yield the same subjective sensation.

Back 85

Matching Procedures

Front 86

Behavioral responses elicited in a sound field (both ears exposed to the sound)

Back 86

Minimal audible field

Front 87

Behavioral responses obtained under earphones, sound stimuli presented monaurally (one ear at a time)

Back 87

Minimum audible pressure

Front 88

Is hearing equally sensitive across frequencies?

Back 88

No

Front 89

More SPL is necessary to elicit responses at the ______________ of the audibility range and again at the _______________ of the range

Back 89

lower end, higher end

Front 90

Hearing sensitivity in the human ear ranges from ____ to _________ Hz

Back 90

20, 2000

Front 91

The missing dB occurs because the This is because the responses are better in the___________ than they are in the ___________.

Back 91

sound field, headphones

Front 92

The psychological correlate to intensity is known as ____________

Back 92

loudness

Front 93

What is the missing 6 db?

Back 93

Refers to the difference in thresholds obtained in the sound field vs. under the earphones

Front 94

The first efforts to establish equal loudness levels occurred in or around ___________

Back 94

1927

Front 95

The earliest measures to assess relative loudness was developed by _________and _________ (1933). The curves are sometimes called the _______________ curves or _____________________

Back 95

Fletcher and Munson
Fletcher-Munson curves
equal loudness contours

Front 96

Curves that tell us how loud the intensity of a tone of one freq must be to = the intensity of a tone of another freq. at 1000 Hz at a particular level

Back 96

Equal Loudness Contours

Front 97

The curve created when presented tone at 40 dB and took another tone and adjusted the tones until the person listening said that they were equal in tone. Thus these tones became equal.

Back 97

40 phon curve

Front 98

The unit of level for equal loudness

Back 98

Phon

Front 99

(Loudness) Required ________ energy at low levels to equal intensity of high frequency levels

Back 99

more

Front 100

Loudness grows faster for _______ frequencies.

Back 100

low

Front 101

Ask the listener to make comparisons between a standard stimulus and a reference stimulus by assigning numbers according to how the listener perceives the stimulus

Back 101

Scaling Procedures

Front 102

Unit of measurement for loudness for a 1000 Hz tone at 40db SPL

Back 102

Sone

Front 103

The reference for one sone is ______ dB SPL

Back 103

40

Front 104

One Sone= _______ Phons

Back 104

40

Front 105

Stephens Power law says that the the sensation of Loudness (L) increases as a power (e) of the _______________ L=kI ^e

Back 105

stimulus intensity

Front 106

(Stephen's Power Law) If loudness grew at the same rate as stimulus increased, the power of the stimulus intensity would be ________

Back 106

1.0

Front 107

If loudness is growing at a rate slower than the intensity change, than the power function/slope will be _______ than one.

Back 107

less

Front 108

If loudness is growing at a faster rate than the intensity change, then the slope will be _________ than one.

Back 108

greater

Front 109

For Signals less than 30 phons, slope was steeper because loudness grows faster for ______ frequencies.

Back 109

low

Front 110

Signals less than 30 phons, slope was ___________ because loudness grows faster for low frequencies.

Back 110

steeper

Front 111

For every spl increase of about 10 decibels, we are sensing a __________ of loudness.

Back 111

doubling

Front 112

If a sound was twice as loud as a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL it is _____ sones

Back 112

2

Front 113

If a sound was half as loud as a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL it is _____ sones

Back 113

.5

Front 114

The processing of sound by two ears

Back 114

Binaural Hearing

Front 115

Difference between the time it takes signal to reach left ear vs time it takes to reach the right ear

Back 115

Interaural time difference

Front 116

For Lower freqs below 1500 hz, the interaural time difference will encode in an interaural _______________ difference

Back 116

phase

Front 117

The ear that is stimulated _____ signals the direction of the sound

Back 117

first

Front 118

The magniute of the interval time difference increases as the location of sound source changes from ___________ to __________

Back 118

straight ahead (0 degrees) to straight out to the side (90 or 270 degrees)

Front 119

When the sound originates directly in front of the listener, the length of the pathway to the ears is _________

Back 119

equal

Front 120

When sound originates directly in front of the listener does an interaural time difference exist in the arrival of sound?

Back 120

No

Front 121

At the extreme right or left (90 or 270 degrees), the difference between the length of the path to the near ear and far ear is greatest. This equates to a ________ interaural time difference.

Back 121

maximum

Front 122

An interaural time difference of ___ ms occurs for all frequencies.

Back 122

.5

Front 123

For a pure tone with a frequency of 1000 Hz that completes one cycle in 1 ms, the signal to the far ear would start _____ cycle after the signal to the near ear. The two signals would have a _______ degree phase difference between the two ears.

Back 123

.5, 180

Front 124

A pure tone of 500 Hz with a 2 ms period would only be delayed _____ of the period. This would result in a _______ degrees interaural phase difference

Back 124

1/4, 90

Front 125

Although interaural time difference is _______ for all frequencies, interaural phase difference is _____ among frequencies.

Back 125

equal, varying

Front 126

Interaural ___________ Difference results from a sound shadow.

Back 126

Intensity

Front 127

Sound shadow is produced when wavelength of sound is ________ relative to dimensions of the object

Back 127

small

Front 128

Sound shadow created by head ___________ with frequencies above 500 Hz.

Back 128

increases

Front 129

At 6000 Hz for 90 degrees and 270 degrees, the interaural intensity difference results in a ______ dB difference.

Back 129

20

Front 130

The intensity of the near ear is _______ dB greater than intensity at far ear.

Back 130

20

Front 131

At 500 Hz interaural intensity difference is less than _____ dB

Back 131

4

Front 132

At 0 degrees, the interaural intensity difference is ___ dB for all frequencies

Back 132

0

Front 133

As you increase frequency, intensity difference is _________

Back 133

greater

Front 134

For low freqs intraaural ________ difference is dominant cue

Back 134

time

Front 135

For higher frequencies intraaural ____________ difference is predominant cue

Back 135

intensity

Front 136

Duplex theory of sound localization at horizontal plane: the two primary cues for localization of sound in space are what?

Back 136

interaural time difference and interaural intensity differences

Front 137

Both cues may be used over a wide range of freqs by listeners to identify the location of the sound source, but at low freqs interaural _____ difference predominates and at high freqs interaural _______ differences predeominates

Back 137

time, intensity